Department of Kiswahili and Other African Languages

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Hadithi fupi_utanzu uliopuuzwa
(1997) Mohochi, Ernest Sangai
Usimulizi wa riwaya ya Nyongo mkalia ini
(2000) Mohochi, Ernest Sangai
Tukichunguza hazina ya uhakiki uliofanywa katika taaluma ya fasihi ya Kiswahili na kuiweka katika mizani, upande mmoja ubebe tahakiki zilizozingatia maudhui na mwingine zile zilizoangaza fani, upande wa maudhui utalemewa na uzito na kuanguka. Ni kweli kuwa umuhimu wa fasihi katika jamii unatokana na jinsi ambavyo inaimulika jamii na kuichora kwa madhumuni ya kuihakiki na kuirekebisha kutokana na udhati na uzito wa mafunzo mwafaka inayoyabeba. Ni kweli vile vile kuwa fasihi ni sanaa kutokana na matumizi ya pekee ya lugha na vipengele vingine vya fani ambavyo kwa pamoja huipa sura maalum na kuyafanya maudhui yake yatufikie katika hali na umbo linalovutia. Hali hii ndiyo huiwezesha fasihi kutuingia, ikatuchoma na kutufikirisha zaidi. Ndio nguzo ya utamu wa fasihi. Katika misingi hiyo, uendelezaji wa fasihi; hasa kwa upande wa uhakiki unapaswa kuzingatia pande zote mbili za sarafu; yaani maudhui na fani inayoyabeba maudhui hayo. Makala hii imelengwa kutoa mchango huo kwa kuupa uzito upande wa fani ya fasihi kwa kuzingatia kipengele cha usimulizi. Nao uteuzi wa usimulizi umechochewa na ukweli kuwa mbinu hii haijachunguzwa na wahakiki wengi katika fasihi ya Kiswahili. Awali ya kuchambua jinsi ambavyo mbinu hii ya usimulizi imejitokeza katika riwaya ya Nyongo Mkalia Ini, dhana ya usimulizi itafafanuliwa na nafasi yake katika fasihi kuwekwa bayana.
Language choice for development the case for swahili in Kenya
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2003-06-01) Mohochi, Ernest Sangai
Development, aimed at a general improvement of the quality of life in society, should target the majority and not the minority at the exclusion of the majority. Attainment of such development, in turn, calls for involvement of people in making decisions as well as in the plans for their implementation. They will then feel that they own those efforts and participate more enthusiastically in efforts to achieve stated goals. This calls for an effecive communication system to link the government and other development agencies on the one hand, and the public on the other, enabling an appropriate flow of information between the two. If well utilized, the media would play a very significant role in ensuring such a flow of information. This article examines the role played by the media in trying to achieve the stated development goals in Kenya. While it would have been more effective to reach people in their first languages, considering the multilingual nature of the Kenyan society, the challenges are many. Fortunately, there is Swahili, a language spoken and understood by many, not only in Kenya, but also in the rest of East and Central Africa. In spite of the potential it has to reach a wider audience, it is not adequately utilized in the media. Language practice in the media relies more on the use of English to communicate important information intended to reach all, irrespective of the first language spoken and knowledge of English. In order not to continue excluding the majority from public discourse on development and other national issues, the article calls for a change in the language policy in the media
Retrieval of aerosol optical depth over ecologically stressed east African land surfaces from top of atmosphere radiance utilizing the aerosol free vegetation index
(Dept. of Geography, Bahir Dar University, 2005) Makokha, John W.; Angeyo, JW.
Traditional satellite based AOD retrieval techniques with a coarse resolution such as collection 5 hardly provides a high spatial detail suitable for accurate AOD retrieval particularly over the ecologically stressed sites of East Africa. Furthermore, AOD retrievals from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS-collection 5) require a linear mixing model that utilizes the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to calculate surface reflectance. Since NDVI is affected by the presence of aerosols in the atmosphere, an empirical linear relationship between short wave infrared (SWIR) and visible reflectance were estimated in order to calculate a modified aerosol free vegetation index (AFRI). Based on AFRI and the minimum reflectance technique (MRT), an improved linear mixing model was developed. Calculated Vis/SWIR ratio diverges from the one used in the hypothetical model for AOD retrieval. Likewise, the regression coefficients between retrieved AOD for the developed algorithm and AERONET were higher as compared to that of MODIS collection 5 and AERONET. These emphasize the need of using AFRI plus accurate selection of surface characteristics and aerosol type for accurate AOD retrieval over East Africa that is addressed by the developed algorithm. At low AERONET AOD values, the two algorithms i.e. MODIS and developed agree but as the AERONET AOD value increases, a discrepancy is noted between the two as a result of usingNDVI and AFRIin the MODIS and developed algorithms respectively.
Language and regional integration: foreign or African languages for the African union?
(Taylor & Francis, 2005) Mohochi, Ernest Sangai
True to the Kiswahili adage that'umoja ni nguvu'(unity is strength), it has become fashionable to seek strength in unity. This is evident, for instance, in the corporate world where different organisations are seeking mergers in order to face the everincreasing challenges in business. The same has become true of nations in most parts of the world. They realise that it is very difficult for most of them to face the international world single-handedly. The developing nations, which have weak economies, need integration much more than the more developed nations, but unfortunately, it is the latter that have moved faster to reap the advantages of regional integration. Africa is home to many of the very poor people in the world. As such, African leaders have a duty to take bold steps in an attempt to try and uplift the living standards of their people. This can be reached much faster not by relying on foreign aid that is more often than not pegged to very difficult conditions, but rather by striving together. There is an abundance of natural resources on the continent that require to be exploited for faster growth and economic development. This however cannot be reached unless the climate is conducive, and one way in which such a climate can be attained is by stronger and functional regional integration.
The role of Kiswahili in enhancing the potential of science and technology
(The Journal of Pan African Studies, 2009-03) Ipara, Isaac O.
The 21st Century is widely considered to be the epoch of science and technology. Many institutions of higher learning, including Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology in Kenya, are developing academic programmes in Science and Technology in order to foster national development and ultimately improve the quality of life in society. For this reason, most institutions embrace a multidisciplinary approach where programmes in science, engineering, humanities and languages are integrated. The integrated approach in higher education has raised a number of pertinent questions: What is the role of higher institutions of science and technology? What is the place of language within the integrated approach? Can Kiswahili make any contribution in enhancing the potential of science and technology in development? This paper seeks to provide answers to the foregoing questions by illustrating the centrality of language as a medium of creating, transmitting and disseminating knowledge in science and technology, with specific reference to English and Kiswahili in Kenya. It is observed that the current age of science and technology is characterized by knowledge and information explosion; whoever accesses and utilizes these two commodities speedily has advantage over others. Efficiency and effectiveness of the medium that the knowledge and information are transmitted in thus becomes a key factor. Thus, the paper suggests concrete steps that can be taken by institutions of higher learning, planners, policy makers and scholars to ensure that the two languages, Kiswahili and English, facilitate the contribution of science and technology to development.
Adult education learners’ recruitment: Challenges and prospects for re-engineered access to adult education in Kenya
(Academic Journals, 2009-07) Mualuko, Ndiku J.; Muthamia, Hellen; Ipara, Isaac O.; Obaki, Samuel
A research survey was designed to investigate the factor affecting participation of illiterate adults in adult education in Kenya and suggests ways to improve on the literacy levels. From the findings it was established that lack of conducive learning environments for adult learners, unavailability of enough instructional materials, negative attitude towards learning and shortage of professionally trained trainers for adult learners were some of the factors hindering many illiterate adults from participating in adult education programmes. It was recommended that the government and other agencies should take more responsibility in supporting adult education to make it more attractive to adult learners to attend the programmes by providing adequate funding and facilitating teacher training. The need for effective involvement of the learners in curriculum developed was emphasized.
Mielekeo ya wasomi wa kiswahili na viongozi wa Afrika mashariki kuhusu lugha ya kiswahili
(2011) Mohochi, Ernest Sangai
Lugha ya Kiswahili imeenea na kukua kiasi cha kuweza kupambana na zingine katika ngazi za kimataifa kwenye mfumo wa sasa wa utandawazi. Hata hivyo, Kiswahili hakiwezi kupata fanaka inayotarajiwa huko nje iwapo hakithaminiwi na kudhaminiwa nyumbani (Afrika Mashariki). Bado lugha ya Kiswahili inakumbana na pingamizi nyingi mno; na miongoni mwa vikwazo hivyo ni mielekeo ya lugha inayobainika katika jamii. Makala hii inajikita zaidi katika mielekeo ya viongozi wa Afrika Mashariki, na wasomi wa Kiswahili kuhusu nafasi na umuhimu wa Kiswahili. Viongozi na wasomi wana ushawishi mkubwa sana kutokana na nafasi yao katika jamii. Wote wanaheshimika na kuenziwa; viongozi kutokana na mamlaka waliyopewa, na wasomi kwa sababu ya maarifa waliyonayo. Kutokana na ukweli huo, tabia na mienendo yao, pamoja na matamko yao mbalimbali yana athari kubwa sana katika jamii. Mara nyingi, watu wengi hupenda kuiga wayafanyayo; hali inayobainika pia katika matumizi ya lugha. Kabla ya kuijadili mielekeo na matumizi yao ya lugha, maswala mawili muhimu yanayochangia ujenzi wa hiyo mielekeo katika jamii yatazungumziwa: thamani ya lugha, na zoezi la kujifunza lugha ya pili.
Multilingualism and language attitudes: students perceptions towards kiswahili in Mtwara region of Tanzani
(Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 2013) Wamalwa, Eric W.; Adika, Stanley K.; Kevogo, Alex U.; Mtwara, Stella Maris
The role of language attitudes on language choice, development and policy in multilingual societies cannot be over emphasized (Adegbija, 1994; Batibo, 2005). Monolingual speakers have only one attitude towards their language because they have no other languages to compare it with. However, where speakers are bilingual or multilingual; there is a tendency to develop different attitudes to each of the languages used. These attitudes, whether positive or negative, will normally depend on the degree of symbolic or socio-economic value manifested by each language. Tanzania, a multilingual country with over 128 languages and with a bilingual language policy in education is therefore a fertile ground for studies on language attitudes. In recent years, there have been concerted efforts by various stake holders to propagate growth and development of English in Tanzania. English has been lauded as the essential language which links Tanzania to the rest of the world through technology, commerce and administration. Against this backdrop, this study sought to investigate students’ attitudes towards Kiswahili so as to determine whether the shift to English had impacted students’ attitude formation towards Kiswahili. This survey comprised of 340 students sampled from six selected schools of Mtwara Urban and Mtwara Rural districts. Results show that most Tanzanian students have favourable attitudes towards Kiswahili and the language’s status among secondary school students has not diminished. Kiswahili remains the most preferred language of use in all major domains. This study proposes that the place and role of Kiswahili be further enhanced in the country by exploring its possible use as a medium of instruction at secondary school level. Further, the study proposes that local vernaculars, which face extinction due to language shift that has taken place, need drastic measures in order to preserve them
Language endangerment and language maintenance: can endangered indigenous languages of Kenya be electronically preserved?
(IJHSS, 2013) Wamalwa, Eric W.; Stephen, Oluoch
United Nations Cultural and Scientific Organization (UNESCO) contend that languages are the centre piece of the cultural diversity of the world yet they are also a vulnerable part of the world’s cultural heritage. According to UNESCO there are about 6,000 languages spoken in the world. Unfortunately, currently there are only eight languages of wider communication in the whole world. In spite of the importance of language as a component of cultural diversity, over 417 languages all over the world are endangered. In Kenya, over eight languages are endangered among them: Terik, El Molo, Ogiek, Omotik, Bong’om, Sogoo, Suba and Yaaku. Some of these languages have already been classified as being extinct by UNESCO. This paper addresses the need to preserve and maintain endangered indigenous languages. The paper has highlighted the current state of language endangerment in Kenya. The following observations are made: most African languages have not been phonemically coded. Given the length of time that is taken for a language to be phonemically coded, many languages whose vitality is critically endangered need an urgent means for their preservation. The paper recommends for an electronic method to be considered for preservation of the endangered languages.
An exposition of some adapted lexemes in Dholuo
(Horizon Research Publishing, 2013-07) Okal, Benard Odoyo; Indede, Florence; Mohochi, Ernest Sangai
The paper gives an exposition of some adapted English lexemes into Dholuo. The work relied on a descriptive design. Total purposive sampling technique was incorporated in collecting secondary data to saturation level. All the adapted nominal lexemes from the English Dholuo Dictionary (EDD) were collected, qualitatively analyzed, edited and presented thematically by showing the adapted lexemes in various areas. The results indicate that adapted lexemes in this lexicographical work are manifested in the following areas: religion, people, subjects, places, measurements, clothing, vegetables, foodstuff, equipment, vehicles and months. We have gathered that as we adapt some lexemes from English into Dholuo, then phonemes such as /ʃ (sh), z/ automatically change to /s/, /v/ changes to /f/ and /q/ changes to /k/. We have concluded that English consonant phonemes such as / ʃ (sh), z, v, q/ are not manifested in Dholuo. Therefore, translators have to adapt them by using both the transference and naturalization translation procedures in order to achieve the desirable translated text.
Performance differences and gender in Kiswahili creative writing: a case study of selected secondary schools in Nyamira County, Kenya
(The Journal of Pan African Studies, 2013-09-04) Moochi, Charles N.; Barasa, Margaret; Ipara, Isaac O.
This study investigated comparative differences in performance among boys and girls in Kiswahili creative writing in selected secondary schools in Kenya. The study was carried out in Nyamira County in Kenya located at a GPS of 0.5210° S, 34.9140° E. Simple random sampling, cluster and systematic sampling techniques were used to select the students. Ten secondary schools were used in the study and the sample comprised 180 students (on an equal distribution of boys and girls,). The research instrument was a Kiswahili creative writing task. The form 4 students were required to perform a task which involved writing an essay in Kiswahili. To reveal the sex differences in Kiswahili creative writing, the two-tailed t-test was used. The sex differences were considered significant if they were more than the critical value (t-critical: 2.576) at p<.01 based on 178 degrees of freedom. The study revealed that girls outperform boys in overall performance in Kiswahili creative writing, style and spelling conventions whereas the two sexes remained at par in content presentation, vocabulary use and use of grammatical elements in Kiswahili creative writing. In light of the above findings, the researcher generally recommends that students should be provided with remedial teaching to improve their performance in Kiswahili creative writing and a sex unit be established in the department of languages to monitor the progress of boys and girls among other many recommendations.
Towards the utilization of instructional media for effective teaching and learning of english in Kenya
(2014) Wamalwa, Erastus Juma; Wamalwa, Eric W.
Although English language is a compulsory subject in the Kenyan school curriculum, its teaching faces enhancement challenges. English language has been allotted more time for effective teaching and learning, this is however, not reflected in students’ performance results in many public secondary schools in Kenya. In assessing the cause of this poor performance, teachers are said to have absconded their duties. Most teachers in public schools are said to absent themselves from school, while those who attend classes do not carry out their responsibilities when teaching. Moreover, since the introduction of free primary education in 2002, the number of pupils joining schools increased tremendously. This has seen an increased number of primary level graduates transit to secondary schools whereas the number of teachers remained the same. The huge numbers of students in classes has posed a great challenge to effective teaching and instruction and to the use of teaching resources available. In many instances, teachers have reverted to using only the traditional methods of teaching and instruction. Thus, this paper assesses the place and role of instructional media in enhancing teaching and learning of English language subject in Kenya. The paper urges for a renewed emphasis towards the use of Instructional Media by teachers and stakeholders. The paper proposes for a mandatory use of instructional media while teaching to enhance learning English language subject in Kenya.
Ambiguity in translation of metaphors: A case of Dholuo and Kiswahili
(African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, 2014) Oluoch, Stephen J.; Ipara, Isaac O.; Kobia, J. M.
This study investigates ambiguity in the translation of Christian religious metaphors from Dholuo into Kiswahili through a pragmatic approach. Data is drawn from the sermons delivered in Dholuo and translated into Kiswahili. Sampled texts are analyzed and classified in a category referred to as ambiguity. The findings show various causes of ambiguity, mainly, socio-cultural differences and wrong inferences. This can be generalized to apply to translation problems associated with similar contexts. The article gives insight and suggestions in the application of pragmatic theories of communication in translation.
Evaluation of contextual teaching of Kiswahili proverbs in secondary schools in Kenya
(Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics, 2015) Wamubi, Oduori T.; Inyani, Simala, K.; Mshiriki; Ipara, Isaac O.
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the contextual teaching of Kiswahili proverbs in secondary schools in Kenya. Despite the Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (K.I.C.D) recommending in the revised syllabus that Kiswahili teachers place teaching content in real life context and environment (K.I.E. 2002), many teachers displayed inadequate knowledge on its implementation. This came to the researcher’s attention through complaints registered by many Kiswahili teachers in workshops and seminars organized by the K.I.E. to sensitize teachers on how to implement the revised K.I.E. (2002) syllabus. The research objectives were: to find out whether teachers of Kiswahili teach Kiswahili proverbs contextually, to determine whether teachers have been prepared adequately to teach contextually. The research focused on Gem Sub-county, Siaya County in Kenya. The study sample comprised 14 teachers from 14 secondary schools out of 46 secondary schools in this Sub-county at the time of research. The research was guided by Contextual Teaching and Learning Theory founded by John Dewey as expounded by Vienna (2012). Contextual Teaching and Learning is a concept of teaching and learning that helps teachers relate subject matter content to real world situations (Berns and Erickson 2001). It motivates students to make connections between knowledge and its applications to their lives as family members, citizens, and workers and engage in the hard work that learning requires. This was a descriptive research. Interview, questionnaire, observation and literature review methods were used in collecting data. The data was presented in form of descriptions, tables, graphs, charts and percentages. The findings of the study revealed that though teachers used the CTL approach in teaching Kiswahili proverbs, they did not understand its principles hence did not implement it properly. Their training in the CTL approach was not exhaustive and the Kiswahili seminars and workshops organized in the field did not focus on it. Most teachers preferred the few available materials to creating their own relating these proverbs to learners’ real life situations and experiences. The study will serve as a reference point for the teacher trainers to put more input in training Kiswahili teachers to implement CTL effectively. The Ministry of Education will find the research resourceful in organizing for in service, workshops and seminars aimed at addressing the challenges experienced in the implementation of CTL thereby improving Kiswahili teachers’ performance. The study therefore recommends that: teacher trainers consider imparting fully the principles of the CTL to trainees in order to enable them to implement it as expected; the Ministry of Education and other stakeholders organize many seminars and workshops which should focus on this approach; prepare teaching and learning aids and publish more and adequate reference materials in this area, and advise KNEC to make a question on proverbs compulsory in national examinations in order to make teachers give its teaching the weight that it deserves. The findings of this study will be crucial in helping the educational stakeholders to find ways of improving the CTL approach as recommended in the K.I.E. (2002) syllabus.
Integrative and instrumental motivation in the learning of African languages
(2015) Mohochi, Ernest Sangai
Although motivation is widely acknowledged as an important factor in language learning, there is less agreement on whether it is integrative or instrumental motivation that leads to more involvement and higher success in learning language. Drawing from the integrative and instrumental language learning orientation debate, this paper seeks to establish whether it is integrative or instrumental motivation that drives students more in the learning of African languages by investigating students’ motivation in the learning of Kiswahili in Kenya and the United States of America. The study focuses on the learning of Kiswahili in two different settings: high school education in Kenya and college education in America. In the former, data was collected from responses of 278 students on motivation related items in a broader language attitude research questionnaire. The American students’ perspective, on its part, derives from a survey, specifically carried out to determine the students’ motivation of learning an African language (Kiswahili) in America. It involved 28 students in a small liberal arts university in Canton, New York. Results of the study indicate that both integrative and instrumental integration account for the learning of Kiswahili, with the context under which language learning takes place being one of the determinants. While Kenyan students of Kiswahili are driven more by instrumental motivation, their American counterparts exhibited a measure of both orientations. For the former, the most important consideration was the use of the language in higher education, and in the job market (its economic utility). The latter wanted to use it to fulfill an education requirement, and while on a study abroad program. It is suggested that teachers and administrators of African languages programs need to take students’ motivations into consideration in the design of their curriculums. By so doing, the programs will be equipped to better meet students’ expectations.
Evaluation of contextual teaching of Kiswahili proverbs in secondary schools in Kenya (Tathmini ya ufundishaji wa methali za Kiswahili kwa kutumia mbinu ya kimuktadha katika shule za upili nchini Kenya)
(Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics, 2016) Wamubi, Oduori T.; Inyani, Simala; Ipara, Isaac O.
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the contextual teaching of Kiswahili proverbs in secondary schools in Kenya. Despite the Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (K.I.C.D) recommending in the revised syllabus that Kiswahili teachers place teaching content in real life context and environment (K.I.E. 2002), many teachers displayed inadequate knowledge on its implementation. The research objectives were: to find out whether teachers of Kiswahili teach Kiswahili proverbs contextually, to determine whether teachers have been prepared adequately to teach contextually. The research focused on Gem Sub-county, Siaya County in Kenya. The study sample comprised 14 teachers from 14 secondary schools out of 46 secondary schools in this Subcounty at the time of research. This was a descriptive research. Interview, questionnaire, observation and literature review methods were used in collecting data. The findings of the study revealed that though teachers used the CTL approach in teaching Kiswahili proverbs, they did not understand its principles hence did not implement it properly. The study therefore recommends that: teacher trainers consider imparting fully the principles of the CTL to trainees in order to enable them to implement it as expected; the Ministry of Education and other stakeholders organize many seminars and workshops, which should focus on this approach; prepare teaching and learning aids and publish more and adequate reference materials in this area.
Signification of HIV/AIDS in Babu Omar’s Kala Tufaha
(KIBU, 2016-06) Kinara, Gladys; Muindu, Japheth
Popular fiction takes literary ideas to the masses and ‘is meant to fulfill the spiritual enjoyment of all, it preaches values of equality and material wellbeing for all’ (Wanjala, 214).As a subgenre of popular fiction, Kenyan AIDS novels play a didactic role and are a useful literary intervention against a life threatening illness. Examples of AIDS themed novels in Kenya includeCarolyne Adalla’s Confessions of an AIDS Victim (1993), Meja Mwangi’s The Last Plague (2000), Wahome Mutahi’s The House of Doom (2004), Francis Imbuga’s Miracle of Remera (2004), Joseph Situma’s The Mysterious Killer (2001), and Moraa Gitaa’s Cruciblefor Silver and Furnacefor Gold (2008). Kenyan prose fiction written in Kiswahili has also made a significant contribution in representing AIDS. Babu Omar’s Kala Tufaha (2004) and William Mkufya’s Ua La Faraja(2005) are exemplary in their literary representation of the pandemic. While the novels written in English have received commensurate critical attention, for instance, (Muindu, 2014), there is a dearth of critical interpretation of the Kiswahili texts.The paper is an analysis of Babu Omar’s Kala Tufaha which takes as its central problem the significations AIDS in the novel. The examination of these significations through Judith Butler’s concept of linguistic performativity, where discourses bring into being what they name, offers fresh insight into novelistic interventions against AIDS. The paper appropriates Butler’s concepts to the discursive formation of illness identities and the construction of the diseased corporeality in discourse. It enriches the understanding of the function of the novel in fostering better conceptualization of the illness and it is a modest contribution to the existing scholarly interpretation of AIDS novels in Kenya.
Lugha kama rasilimali ya jamii: uchunguzi wa redio za fm zinazotumia kibukusu katika kaunti ya bungoma
(Moi University, 2017-01-12) Misiko, David Wasike
Matumizi ya lugha za kiasili yameshutumiwa na watu wengi kwa kukuza ukabila haswa nchini Kenya. Hata hivyo, lugha hizi zinaweza kuwa rasilimali kwa wazungumzaji zikitumiwa vyema. Utafiti huu ulilenga kuchunguza lugha za kiasili zinavyojitokeza kama rasilimali kwa wazungumzaji wake zinapotumika katika redio za FM. Aidha, utafiti ulinuia kujadili jinsi matumizi ya lugha za kiasili katika redio za FM yanavyowezesha jamii husika kupata habari zinazoziwezesha kuboresha hali zao za maisha kwa njia mbalimbali. Uchunguzi ulidhamiria hususan: Kuhakiki yaliyomo katika vipindi vya jamii, uchumi, siasa na afya vinavyowasilishwa kwa kutumia Kibukusu katika redio za FM, zinazosikika katika kaunti ya Bungoma; Kutathmini Kibukusu kinavyojitokeza kama rasilimali kuangazia masuala ya jamii, uchumi, siasa na afya kwa wazungumzaji wake kinapotumika katika redio za FM, kisha kutambua changamoto za matumizi ya Kibukusu kama rasilimali kwa wakaazi wa Bungoma kupitia vituo vya redio za FM. Utafiti ulitumia mbinu za ustahilivu na kikiasi. Lahaja ya Kibukusu ilitafitiwa katika mazingira halisi ambapo lugha hiyo hutumika na wazungumzaji wake. Miktadha ya matumizi ya Kibukusu ilichunguzwa, hususan kama rasilimali kwa wazungumzaji wake. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na nadharia mbili; Sarufi Amilifu ya Halliday na ya Uanzilishi wa Ajenda iliyoasisiwa na McCombs na Show. Sarufi Amilifu ilihusishwa katika uchanganuzi wa vipindi vinavyopeperushwa kwa kutumia lugha za kiasili. Nadharia ya Uanzilishi wa Ajenda ilitumika kuhakiki uteuzi wa vipindi vinavyopeperushwa na vituo hivyo viwili vya redio. Uchunguzi ulifanywa katika vituo vya Sulwe na West FM vinavyopeperusha matangazo kwa Kibukusu katika kaunti ya Bungoma. Utafiti ulihusisha mhariri mmoja, watangazaji wawili na wataalamu wanne; mmoja kwa kila mojawapo ya masuala haya; jamii, uchumi, afya na siasa ambao hualikwa kwa kila mojawapo ya vituo hivyo. Vilevile, wasikilizaji 70 kutoka kila mojawapo ya vituo hivyo viwili vya redio walihusishwa. Kwa jumla, utafiti uliwahusisha watu 154. Wasikilizaji hao waliteuliwa kutoka kwa kaunti ndogo sita za kaunti ya Bungoma na walihusisha jinsia zote. Wasikilizaji waliteuliwa kwa kutumia usampulishaji kimakusudi ambao huwezesha idadi ya wahojiwa kuongezeka kadiri utafiti unavyoendelea. Vipindi vya redio vya vituo vyote viwili vilivyohusiana na masuala ya jamii, afya, uchumi na siasa vilisikilizwa. Mbinu ya ujazaji wa hojaji kwa watangazaji na wasikilizaji, usaili wa wahariri, watangazaji na wataalamu na kurekodi vipindi mahususi zilitumika. Vifaa vifuatavyo vilitumiwa kukusanya data: hojaji kwa wanahabari, hohaji kwa wasikilizaji, mwongozo wa usaili kwa wahariri, watangazaji na wataalamu na kinasa sauti kunasia vipindi vilivyoteuliwa kisha vikachanganuliwa kwa kutumia nadharia ya Sarufi Amilifu. Data ifuatayo ilikusanywa: vipindi vya redio vinavyotumia lahaja ya Kibukusu, yaliyomo katika vipindi hivyo, Kibukusu kinavyojitokeza kama rasilimali kwa wazungumzaji wake na changamoto za matumizi ya lahaja hiyo katika redio za FM. Data iliyokusanywa ilichanganuliwa kwa kutumia maudhui yaliyomo kisha matokeo yakawasilishwa kwa maelezo na takwimu. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yalikuwa yafuatayo: Matumizi ya lugha za kiasili katika redio za FM yalijaza pengo liliokuwepo katika upashaji habari kwa watu walioko mashinani; Matumizi ya lugha za kiasili katika redio za FM yaliwezesha wazungumzaji kufikia maamuzi faafu kuhusiana na masuala ya afya, siasa, uchumi na jamii; ukosefu wa taasisi ya kudhibiti uundaji wa istilahi ni mojawapo ya changamoto zinazokumba matumizi ya lugha za kiasili katika redio za FM. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yalitoa picha halisi ya mchango wa lugha za kiasili katika redio za FM nchini Kenya kwa maendeleo ya jamii husika. Matokeo ya uchunguzi huu yatakuwa mchango kwa tafiti ambazo zimefanywa kuhusu matumizi ya lugha za Kiafrika katika vyombo vya habari. Utafiti huu vilevile utawafaidi wapangaji lugha kitaifa na katika viwango vya kaunti. Utafiti huu pia unatarajiwa kutoa mchango kwa uhifadhi na makuzi ya lugha za Kiafrika kichanya. Utafiti unapendekeza yafuatayo: Kuundwa kwa taasisi za kutafiti, kuunda na kudhibiti istilahi zinazotumika katika lugha za kiasili; Vyuo vikuu kufundisha baadhi ya lugha hizi za kiasili ili kubadilisha mtazamo hasi kuzihusu; Serikali za kaunti kuanzisha sera za lugha katika viwango vya kaunti na hatimaye, kufufuliwa kwa ufundishaji wa lugha za kiasili mbali na Kiingereza, Kiswahili na lugha zingine za kigeni kama vile Kifaransa na Kijerumani katika sera ya lugha nchini Kenya.
Kufaa kwa nadharia ya uchanganuzi vijenzi katika uchambuzi wa hiponimia
(2017-10-03) Okal, Benard Odoyo; Indede, Florence; Mohochi, Ernest Sangai
Hiponimia ni mojawapo ya mahusiano ya kifahiwa inayoashiria uhusiano ambapo leksimu ya jumla inajumuisha kimaana leksimu mahususi. Uhusiano wa leksimu kihiponimia ulidhukuriwa kuwa unafanana katika lugha anuwai ulimwenguni na aghalabu unahusisha leksimu nomino pekee. Hata hivyo, tafiti za hivi punde zinadhihirisha kuwa hiponimia huonekana pia miongoni mwa vivumishi, vielezi na vitenzi na huweza kutofautiana kimuundo na kimtindo kutoka lugha moja hadi nyingine kwa sababu ya tofauti za kitamaduni. Wataalamu anuwai wamekuwa na mapendekezo kadha kuhusu nadharia ifaayo ya kuainisha leksimu za lugha kihiponimia. Wengine wanaelekea kupendelea matumizi ya nadharia ya Kiini Maana (Core Meanings Theory) na Nadharia ya Sampuli Kifani (Prototype Theory). Hata hivyo inadhihirika kuwa nadharia ya Uchanganuzi Vijenzi (Componential Analysis) inafaa zaidi katika uchanganuzi wa hiponimia ya leksimu nomino, vitenzi, vivumishi na vielezi. Makala haya yanaangazia kufaa kwa nadharia hii katika uhakiki wa hiponimia ikilinganishwa na nadharia Kiini Maana na Sampuli Kifani.

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