Faculty of Education and Social Science(FESS)

Permanent URI for this communityhttp://erepository.kibu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/99

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 152

Access to basic education in Kenya: Inherent concerns
(Academic Journals, 2007-10-30) Maiyo, JK.; Odebero, S.O.; Mualuko, N.J
Basic education being the minimum education that every Kenyan must have for progressive existence in society is a crucial factor. That is why Kenya subscribes to the international protocol that established Education for All (EFA) in Jomtien, Thailand 1990 and the world education forum in Dakar, Senegal, 2000. Since then, the Kenya Government in her Education Sector Strategic Plan and Sessional paper No. 1 of 2005 has articulated how to attain goals for education. For instance early childhood education which tries to ensure development of the whole personality of the child’s physical, mental, and socio-emotional attributes faces challenges such as lack of access to early childhood education mostly caused by poverty, regional and gender disparities, policy framework, and HIV/AIDS among others. At primary school level where children stay longest in the schooling years and they develop more motor skill, further cognitive skills along with higher socialization than the early childhood education level, has children failing to access education due to poverty, gender imbalances, regional imbalances among other concerns. Secondary education which creates a human resource base higher than the primary education along with training youth for further education and the world of work registers restriction to many children due to concerns of poverty, gender imbalances, insecurity regional disparity among others. This article articulates in detail the above concerns discussing their manifestations in Kenya. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations made on how to improve access to basic education in Kenya. Among the recommendations are: To make basic education free and compulsory, improve provision of health services, intensify fight against demeaning cultures, give special attention to children with disabilities, avail employment opportunities to the youth, assure security to all in conflict prone zones and tighten bursary disbursement procedures.
Access to basic education in Kenya: inherent concerns
(Academic Journals, 2007-10-30) Odebero, Stephen O.; Maiyo, Julius K.; Mualuko, Ndiku J.
Basic education being the minimum education that every Kenyan must have for progressive existence in society is a crucial factor. That is why Kenya subscribes to the international protocol that established Education for All (EFA) in Jomtien, Thailand 1990 and the world education forum in Dakar, Senegal, 2000. Since then, the Kenya Government in her Education Sector Strategic Plan and Sessional paper No. 1 of 2005 has articulated how to attain goals for education. For instance early childhood education which tries to ensure development of the whole personality of the child’s physical, mental, and socioemotional attributes faces challenges such as lack of access to early childhood education mostly caused by poverty, regional and gender disparities, policy framework, and HIV/AIDS among others. At primary school level where children stay longest in the schooling years and they develop more motor skill, further cognitive skills along with higher socialization than the early childhood education level, has children failing to access education due to poverty, gender imbalances, regional imbalances among other concerns. Secondary education which creates a human resource base higher than the primary education along with training youth for further education and the world of work registers restriction to many children due to concerns of poverty, gender imbalances, insecurity regional disparity among others. This article articulates in detail the above concerns discussing their manifestations in Kenya. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations made on how to improve access to basic education in Kenya. Among the recommendations are: To make basic education free and compulsory, improve provision of health services, intensify fight against demeaning cultures, give special attention to children with disabilities, avail employment opportunities to the youth, assure security to all in conflict prone zones and tighten bursary disbursement procedures.
Action Research: The panacea for challenges in ESL teaching in Kenya
(Horizon research publishing, 2017-04) Okoth, Teresa A.; Simiyu, Irene
Teachers of English in contexts where English is a second language are constantly thinking about their practice. It may be about routine classroom events or an initiative that one wishes to implement but wonders how best to. While solutions to some of these concerns may be found in In-service experiences, literature and study findings, most of the solutions do not consider the context and are majorly prescribed in a one-size-fits-all manner. The situation is not helped by in-service opportunities that are organized to avail ‘new’ knowledge which facilitators feel teachers lack. This is exacerbated by the lack of follow-up support that teachers may require when implementing the new ideas in their classes. However, this need not be so as demonstrated by literature and studies which reveal that teachers can learn from their practice and in their context by identifying the challenging area and working alone or with colleagues. Action Research (AR) is one method that has been indicated for a number of reasons. Its key attribute is that it allows teachers to engage in collaborative actions that will lead to their understanding of practice while at the same time developing themselves professionally. This positional paper will make a case for AR as a solution to the challenges that face language instruction in the Kenyan ESL context. The paper will also briefly point out the thorny issue of ethical considerations in researching one’s practice. The authors consider this an invitation to debate on how teachers can navigate ethical issues in the Kenyan ESL context.
Activity-based learning strategies used by teachers in public pre-primary schools in Kenya
(East African Journal of Educational Studies, 2022-05-23) Andiema, Nelly Cherop
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how activity-based learning is implemented in public pre-primary schools in Kenya with specific reference to West Pokot County, Kenya. The new curriculum being implemented in pre-primary schools in the country demands that activity-based learning be used to foster learning by children in schools. The research utilised a mixed methodology research approach. The target population comprised teachers (1677) and headteachers (417) drawn from 417 Pre-primary centres in West Pokot County. A sample size of 10.0% representing 41 headteachers and 168 public pre-primary school teachers was selected using a stratified random sampling technique. to collect data, questionnaire was administered to pre-primary teachers, interview was conducted for sampled head teachers and researcher collected secondary data through observation method. Data collected was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis. The study found that activity-based learning was occasionally used (M=3.19, SD= 0.54) by teachers in public pre-primary schools in the study area. Teachers failed to use the recommended methods because of the non-availability of adequate and quality instructional resources. The study recommends that teachers should be supported by parents, government, and school management in the acquisition of the right infrastructure and instructional resources. Teachers also need to be provided with additional training on activity-based approaches implementation in schools.
The adequacy of instructional materials and physical facilities and their effects on quality of teacher preparation in emerging private primary teacher training colleges in Bungoma county, Kenya
(2013-01) Likoko, Sarah; Mutsotso, Stanley; Nasongo, Joseph
The research was carried out in eight private teacher training colleges in Western Province in Kenya. The study sample was selected through simple random and purposive sampling techniques. The sample comprised of eight college principals, 43 tutors and 416 second year teacher trainees. Pilot testing of the research instruments to establish how the sampled population would respond to the question items contained in the research instrument was very useful. Data was collected through questionnaires and observation checklists. The SPSS computer package was utilized in the analysis of descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. The research findings were presented the results in form of frequency tables and pie-charts. The research established that the rapid emergence of private primary teacher training colleges had a negative impact on quality of teacher preparation. These institutions were faced with challenges such as; lack of adequate facilities like libraries and inadequate instructional materials. These factors continue to have negative effect on the quality of graduates produced
Adult education learners’ recruitment: Challenges and prospects for re-engineered access to adult education in Kenya
(Academic Journals, 2009-07) Mualuko, Ndiku J.; Muthamia, Hellen; Ipara, Isaac O.; Obaki, Samuel
A research survey was designed to investigate the factor affecting participation of illiterate adults in adult education in Kenya and suggests ways to improve on the literacy levels. From the findings it was established that lack of conducive learning environments for adult learners, unavailability of enough instructional materials, negative attitude towards learning and shortage of professionally trained trainers for adult learners were some of the factors hindering many illiterate adults from participating in adult education programmes. It was recommended that the government and other agencies should take more responsibility in supporting adult education to make it more attractive to adult learners to attend the programmes by providing adequate funding and facilitating teacher training. The need for effective involvement of the learners in curriculum developed was emphasized.
Ambiguity in translation of metaphors: A case of Dholuo and Kiswahili
(African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, 2014) Oluoch, Stephen J.; Ipara, Isaac O.; Kobia, J. M.
This study investigates ambiguity in the translation of Christian religious metaphors from Dholuo into Kiswahili through a pragmatic approach. Data is drawn from the sermons delivered in Dholuo and translated into Kiswahili. Sampled texts are analyzed and classified in a category referred to as ambiguity. The findings show various causes of ambiguity, mainly, socio-cultural differences and wrong inferences. This can be generalized to apply to translation problems associated with similar contexts. The article gives insight and suggestions in the application of pragmatic theories of communication in translation.
An analysis of the competence in literary criticism among Kenyan secondary school students: a case study of Wareng' district, Uasin Gishu county
(Scholarlink Research Institute, 2012-10-01) Wambua, Pauline Ndave; Indede, Florence; Mohochi, Ernest Sangai
This paper is based on a study that examined the level of competence in literary criticism among students in Forms Two, Three and Four, based on the skills of reading, writing, speaking and listening in Wareng District of Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The author argues that students’ exposure to literary knowledge and the competent use of figurative language can enhance performance in literature in Kiswahili and the general performance of the Kiswahili subject. The pragmatic theory, which recognizes that practical approach is the core foundation for building competence in whichever field, which then puts students at the centre of the acquisition of competence’s process, was used. The theory postulates that any system of education that is in place should be reviewed from time to time in order to be at par with the changes that are witnessed in everyday life. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Data from the questionnaires was analysed using a descriptive method and percentages. The findings showed that students had a lower ability in identifying and explaining the meaning and usage of terminologies that are commonly used during the criticism and analyzing of Kiswahili literature text books. This paper makes recommendations on the structures to mitigate the challenge of competency in literary criticism devices among Kenyan secondary school students. Bearing in mind that society thrives by communication, which is achieved by proper use of language, the study generates useful knowledge to teachers, students and scholars in the literary field on the need to come up with ways of improving competence in literary criticism.
Assessing argumentative normativity in the english medium Kenyan newspaper editorials from a linguistic-pragmatic approach
(2012) Ben, Nyongesa; Wekesa
The paper explores argumentative Normativity in the English medium newspaper editorials in Kenya. The paper aimed at establishing whether the editorials meet the logical, dialectal and rhetorical demands as aspects of Normativity. Four editorial texts were analysed from a Linguistic-Pragmatic approach. The Rhetorical Structure Theory and Text-Type Theory were used as descriptive tools. The findings show that editorials in the Kenyan newspaper discourse adhere to the classical structure of argumentation and that different clause relations signal the editorial structural components, opinion and arguments though implicitly. Interpersonal relations are preferred to ideational-textual relations. Pragmatically, editorials are written to shoulder the burden of proof; however, this is determined by the acceptability or unacceptability of the claim depending on the context and external constraints playing a role within the particular argumentative framework in which this claim is supposed to play its argumentative role.
An Assessment of Audience Participation in Community Radio Broadcasting, Production and Content Delivery: The Case of Togotane FM in Kenya
(International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 2021-05) Ziz, Isabel Zattu; Otieno, Millicent; Abila, James
This study was underpinned by the democratic participant theory, which avers that radio programming, production and content delivery play a key role in awareness creation.
Assessment of lecturers perceptions on students-lecturers evaluations in universities in Kenya: a case study of Kibabii university
(2018-11) Maiyo, Julius K.
The common approach method of evaluating instruction in higher education classes is to have students provide feedback on "effectiveness" of learning in a given period. Evaluations generally request specific feedback on measures of teaching effectiveness and on particular aspects of a course, as well as global rating questions. Countless myths and misperceptions regarding course evaluations exist and inevitably influence faculty, university administrators and student perceptions. In spite of solid research to counter these assumptions, such beliefs persist and continue to spread. The study was envisaged to focus on assessing lecturers perceptions on students’ lecturer evaluations in universities. Its specific objectives were; to examine lecturers’ perception on students’ competence in evaluating their teaching effectiveness, to determine the influence of gender, experience, professionalism, departmental discussions and designation on lecturer’s perception of student’s competency in evaluating lecturers teaching effectiveness and to examine lecturer’s perceptions on the formative and summative purpose of students in the evaluations. The study was conducted in Kibabii University and targeted all the teaching staff of the University. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The data was collected using a questionnaire that was validated and reliability of 0.917 was attained. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicate that there was no significant difference between male and female lecturers about their perception on students’ evaluation. The study revealed that feedback on students’ evaluation helps lecturers to improve their teaching and interaction. The respondents disagreed that reports from the students’ evaluation be used for promotion and increment of their salary. The study concludes that inadequate instructional materials is among the key factors that affect the quality of teaching and learning. The study recommended that the University should provide adequate instructional materials and enhance conducive environment for learning.
An assessment of quality assurance on academic performance in public primary schools in Kenya
(201-12) Maiyo, J.; Ngina, J.; Wetiba, J.
The core function of the directorate of Quality Assurance and Standards is ensuring Quality education. Despite the government’s effort in strengthening the department, it is still wanting. The main objective of the study was to carry out an assessment of quality assurance on academic performance in public primary schools in Lugari Sub-county. The study was based on the Structural Functionalist Theory. The research adopted a descriptive research design whereby mixed research methodology was utilized in collecting both qualitative and quantitative data. The study targeted 5 education officials, 45 head teachers, 45 deputy head teachers and 350 teachers all making a target population of 445 people. Stratified sampling technique was used to sample 14 head teachers,14 deputy head teachers , 105 teachers and purposive sampling technique was used to select education officials all making a sample size of 135 people. Interview schedules were used to collect data from education officials. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Data collected was analyzed using both inferential and descriptive statistics. The study found that QASOs were not visiting schools physically and regularly. It was also found that the QASOs did not have enough time with the teachers to discuss the strengths and weaknesses observed during their visits to schools. The study found that QASOs did not organize seminars and workshops for teachers on curriculum implementation and at the same time they concentrated on administrative issues whenever they visited schools. The study recommended that QASOs should organize regular seminars and workshops to update teachers on the current teaching methods. There was need to improve the pupils’ learning environment by providing enough sanitation facilities, relevant textbooks, enough and secure classrooms.
Baker’s strategies in translation: a lexico-semantic analysis of four luhya dialects; Lukabras, Lwisukha, Luwanga and Lukhayo in informative text
(KIBU, 2018-09-03) Angatia, Mudogo Benard
There exist numerous strategies of dealing with the problem of Target Language Non-equivalence in the translation of different text types. In this regard, Baker’s proposed strategies for dealing with nonequivalence at the word level have been widely discussed in translation studies. Yet, no studies have ever applied her strategies simultaneously for describing and assessing the functional appropriateness in translating informative texts. This study is an attempt to compare the word-level translation strategies used in an informative text type, based on Baker’s suggested strategies for attaining Target Language Equivalence at the word level. Mulembe FM newscasts being an informative text, was selected for analysis. The main question is whether the translators’ word-level strategies used to attain functional Target Language equivalence in Mulembe FM newscasts can be described and assessed by Baker’s framework or not. To do so, some pre-recorded transcripts from the Luhya Mulembe FM newscasts broadcast by Lukhayo, Luwanga and Lwisukha presenters were selected, and then, they were compared with their corresponding functional equivalent versions of Lukabras listeners. Then, comparisons were classified and analyzed in terms of translating using a superordinate word, using loan word plus explanations, substitution, and using a specific word to find out which strategies were used, and to show the extent of the Target Language functional equivalence in the translation of the newscasts by the presenters. The investigation was motivated by the fact that although the Luhya dialects exhibit vast lexical mismatches, Mulembe FM hiring policy is that the presenters use their dialects in the newscast translation on the assumption that the dialects are mutually intelligible. The study focuses on Lukabras listeners as representatives of Luhya listeners who have to be accommodated in the newscasts. The results showed that Bakers’s procedures are nearly comprehensive and worked well for describing and assessing the translation of informative text.
Cartoons can talk? visual analysis of cartoons on the 2007/2008 post-election violence in Kenya: a visual argumentation approach
(Sage Publications, 2012-05) Wekesa, Ben; Nyongesa
The growing influence of the visual media in contemporary society is quite alarming; hence, learning to explicate them is inevitable. This is a paradigm shift from verbal argumentation to visual argumentation. The aim of this article is to contribute to the understanding of visual analysis and visual literacy, a part of discourse analysis. Visuals employ a number of rhetorical devices; however, understanding the effectiveness of these devices is still a challenge. Adopting Visual Argumentation Theory, the article analyzes argumentation in cartoons on the post-election violence that rocked Kenya in 2007/2008. From the analyses, it is concluded that visuals can argue as simply and forcefully as their verbal counterparts. The blending of caricature and portraiture makes them even more explicit as portraiture denotes the characters so that we can recognize who they are; caricature ridicules them, analogy attributes actions to them in a satirical or sarcastic way, and cultural memory is needed to access the reference to the analogies. Visuals are designed to make the reader think not only about the event or the people being portrayed but also about the message being communicated. This means visuals have the ability to stretch the truth beyond caricature or mere amusement.
Challenges faced by small and medium enterprises in accessing public contracts in Bondo, Kenya
(International Journals of Multidisciplinary Research Academy, 2014-05-01) Olang'o, Abuya Joshua; Gerald, Ondiek
Kenya Government has been in the forefront in advocating for the youth access to Government Contracts. This has been evidenced by the Presidential Directive on Youth Access to Govermnent contracts by allocating 10% of all public contracts to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Despite this preferential treatment of SMEs, comparative tallies of public contracts secured by SMEs in Bondo against those secured by large enterprises are still very small. The study objectives are to determine the main challenges faced by SMEs in accessing public sector contracts in Bondo District and determining the types of public contracts often secured by SMEs in Bondo District. The research design adopted was stratified random sampling of SMEs in which self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. A sample size of 136 SMEs out of a population of 210 SMEs were selected. The collected data was analysed using descriptive statistics. From the study perceived corruption, large documentation level, inavailability of public contracts, lack of information access, lack of feedback, large lot sizes, existing framework arrangements, lack of capital, long procurement time-scales, bureaucratic procurement procedures, stringent selection criteria, inaccurate contract information, cost of tendering, poor business infrastructure unfavorable taxation regime and pre-qualification were the major challenges SMEs face in accessing public sector contracts in Bondo. Again the study found that SMEs in Bondo which to some extent secured public sector contracts were found to have mostly drawn their public contracts from the Office of the President, Local Authority, Roads & Public Works and Agriculture & Regional Development. In conclusion, there are still a number of challenges that SMEs in Bondo are facing in accessing public sector contracts. These challenges need to be addressed by both the government and SMEs management. To accomplish this, the study recommends that further research be carried on how these challenges could be reduced both by government contracting authorities and/or SMEs themselves. Further research could also be carried on the initiatives the government has put to facilitate SMEs access to public contracts. Research could also be done on contribution of the level of education of procurement officers in achieving value for money during public procurement.
Challenges facing provision of integrated education for the disabled child in Webuye division, Bungoma east district Kenya
(2009-01-01) Maiyo, Julius K.; Owiye, Joan A.
The foundation of present day special education in Kenya dates as far back as 1968 when the government published sessional paper NO. 5 on special education. The paper laid out a public policy framework for children with disabilities such as hearing and visual impairment, mentally and physically handicapped and multiple handicaps (GoK, 2003). Among the key policies was the integration of disabled children into regular formal schools in order to enhance their participation in formal learning. Regrettably however, 40 years down the line, the government is yet to realize reasonable access of elementary education that can help liberate and make the disabled child self-reliance. The sector still faces challenges related to access, equity and quality. The study carried out in Webuye division, Bungoma East District, adopted a descriptive survey design specifi cally to analyze challenges facing provision of inclusive formal education to the disabled child. The relationship between the variables was explained using Rawlasian theory of justice. A total of 6 schools out of 104 were purposively sampled. Questionnaires and interview schedules and document analysis were used to collect data from education offi cers, heads and teachers of sampled schools. Analysis of data was done using statistical tools such as percentages and frequencies. Findings were presented using tables. It was concluded that, as much as the policy on special education is clearly laid out, for it has not been fully implemented. People’s attitude towards inclusive education remains wanting, and therefore, only a small fraction (3.4%) of public schools is offering inclusive education. The regular school curriculum is too academic oriented and the teachers are yet to embrace inclusive education. The study recommends that, the MoE adapts inclusive curriculum, examination and grading system. Comprehensive special schools should be established to cater for pre-school, primary school, high school and technical schooling to provide meaningful education to meet their needs.
Challenges of open and distance learning in Kenya: the Case of public universities
(2017) Opondo, Paul A.; Boit, John K.
Kenyan education policy is based on a number of legislations including the constitution of Kenya (1961), Education Act (1968), Children Act (2001) and sessional paper no. 11 of 2005 on policy framework for education and training, among others, all of which commit the government to the provisions of at least 12 years of compulsory, free and continuous schooling to the Kenyan children (Government of Kenya, 2008). So far, however, no specific act or directive deals with Distance learning per se. Our policy on DE are far behind South Africa and even post-conflict Rwanda who have prepared very proactive policy documents to increase access via open and distance learning. This is due to various structural challenges that this paper attempts to discuss
Challenges of teaching the revised Kiswahili syllabus in secondary schools, a case study of Bungoma west district Kenya
(KIBU, 2018-09-03) Molenje, Mary L.
The purpose of this study was to find out the challenges facing the teaching of the revised syllabus of Kiswahili in secondary schools in Bungoma West District. The performance of Kiswahili language dropped in the recent years after the revision of the syllabus, (KNEC, 2007, 2008). The objective of the study was to establish teacher preparedness in teaching the revised Kiswahili syllabus. The study was based on Krashen’s input hypothesis and affective filter theory which is relevant to the study. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The study targeted secondary schools in Bungoma West District. Purposive sampling was used to get the respondents from 6 schools of the 18 secondary schools in the district. Simple random sampling was used to select 6 Head teachers, 6 Kiswahili teachers and 300 form three students. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics where frequency distribution tables and percentages. The findings revealed that 22.2% of the teachers in Bungoma West district have diploma qualification, 33.3% of the teachers have a Bachelor degree, and 44.4% of the teachers were untrained. With regard to in-service training 16.67% of teachers often received in-service training on the teaching of the revised Kiswahili syllabus. Teachers who had not received in-service training “quite often” were 50% while 33.33% of the teachers had never received inservice training on the revised Kiswahili syllabus. On how often teachers received in-service training, 11.11% of the teachers had received in service training often while 33.33% had received in service training “less often”, and 55.56% had not received any in service training at all on the teaching of the revised Kiswahili syllabus. On the issue of professional records, 16.7% of teachers prepared their professional records on time, 33.3% of the teachers didn’t prepare their professional record on time and 50% of teachers at times prepare their professional records on time.
Challenges teachers face when handling children with aggressive tendencies: a study in Mwingi central sub county, Kitui county, Kenya
(KIBU, 2018-09-03) Murugi, Joanna Oyamo; Wafula, Robert; Walumoli, L. Alex
Children with aggressive behaviours belong to the behaviourally disordered category of children with special needs. These children display negative behaviour tendencies that hurt others either verbally or physically. They manifest such characteristics as quarrelsomeness, vengefulness and destructiveness. It also includes spreading rumours, telling lies, giving dirty looks, insulting others and humiliating others. According to Botha (2014), such behaviour tendencies impedes negatively on learners’ social and academic development of these children. They are also font of interrupting learning activities and lack focus on tasks in class leading to failure to follow instructions from the teacher. Handing these children can be challenging unless teachers are empowered. This article examines challenges teachers face when dealing with children with aggressive tendencies. The objectives of the study were: to find out the challenges teachers face when dealing with aggressive children; to find out the appropriate strategies for helping these children. The research design used in the study was a descriptive survey. Ten schools were sample in Mwingi central sub county, Kitui County, using stratified sampling. A sample size of 20 children with aggressive behaviour tendencies were purposively sampled. Class teachers from pri-primary one to class three (4 teachers in each school) were included in the study, a total of forty teachers. Data was collected through analysis of children’s academic records by summarising them on tables. Questionnaires were used to gather data from teachers. Responses from teachers were analysed through themes with excerpts. Children with aggressive tendencies were found to show poor school attendance but rarely drop out of school. Poor school attendance is a predictor of poor academic performance and negative teacher-pupil attitude. It further established lack of sufficient training for teachers handling aggressive children. This leads to lack of necessary skills of handling these children. Most teachers expressed frustration and lack of adequate support from parents, community, education officers and school administration. It is important that all teachers for young children attends seminars and workshops on ways of handling aggressive children. There is also need to develop guidance and counselling programme in early childhood education. Parents and community should give adequate support teachers when dealing with children who show aggressive tendencies.
The changing roles of school Managers: Where the rubber meets the road
(2015-08) Wanyonyi, Nobert Wanjala.; Simiyu, Irene.
School Managers in Kenya are a group faced with an array of emerging and challenging roles in a rapidly changing society. This is coupled with increasingly great expectation by education stakeholders that school managers and the human resource they lead will ensure retention and successful completion of school by every Kenyan child. However, it is the contention of this paper that school managers may not meet the cut if they are not cognizant of their changing roles and the new skills they need to develop. This paper sets out to examine these challenging roles and the accompanying skills required. The argument is premised on the view that one can best handle challenges they are clearly aware of. The authors hope that the ideas raised will inform educational stakeholders and especially, school managers and educational policy formulators.

Browse

Browsing Faculty of Education and Social Science(FESS) by Title