Journal Articles
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Item Level of Water Governance in Schools and its Effect on Student Participation in Education(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2021-06-12) Wambeye, K. M.; Wasike, D. W.; Ong’anyi, Paul ObinoAdequate access to water, hygiene and sanitation is every human’s and child’s right. These do not reflect national policies aspirations and are not adequate to student’s needs, affecting their health, well-being, performance and participation at school in Kenya. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted to sample from boarding schools that were sampled to take part in a study conducted in Bungoma County in the Western region of Kenya. Stratified sampling was employed in choosing the Schools while questionnaires, interview schedules, document analysis and focus groups were used to gather data. The model was not able to significantly predict the level of water governance in schools and its effect on student participation in education and hence concluded that every boarding secondary school should develop a drinking water access plan. This study provides an empirical pattern of participation in education influenced by WASH in schools.Item Mechanism of Waste Management in Schools and its Effect on Student Participation in Education(International Journal of Development Research, 2022-01-12) Wambeye, K. M.; Wasike, D. W.; Ong’anyi, Paul ObinoWaste management is pausing challenges to the environment especially in schools world over. In schools, water, sanitation and hygiene do not reflect national policies aspirations and are not adequate to student’s needs and hence affecting their health, well-being, performance and participation at school. An investigation into the mechanism of waste management in schools and its effect on student participation in education in Bungoma County, Kenya was done using a cross-sectional survey design approach. A sample of sixty five (65) boarding schools was chosen to take part while stratified sampling was employed in choosing the boarding Schools from the targeted population of 289 secondary schools. Questionnaires, interview schedules, document analysis and focus groups to gather data. Standard multiple linear regressions at α= .05 was used to examine waste disposal to see if it could predict participation in education in school. The model was not able to significantly predict the effect of waste management in schools on participation in education. It was concluded that engagement of school related groups need to encourage students to make waste reduction a part of their everyday life while increasing the flow of reusable and recyclable materials can even generate extra funds for school departments and groups.Item An Investigation into Collaborative Stakeholder Engagement’s Effect on Teacher Professional Development Implementation in Kenya(East African Journal of Education Studies, 2024-08-09) Wafula, Samuel Mabele; Likoko, Sarah Naliaka; Ong’anyi, Paul ObinoQuality education is attributed to the quality of teaching. Teacher Professional Development (TPD) is vital towards improved quality of teaching in Kenya. To achieve this, Teachers Service Commission (TSC) rolled out TPD, whose successful implementation is at risk due to criticism from various stakeholders. This study sought to investigate the effect of stakeholder collaboration on implementation of TPD in Kenya. It adopted a descriptive survey study design. The study targeted a population of 327349 teachers from public schools and 188 TPD coordinators from accredited TPD service providers. Using the Krejcie and Morgan Table of 1970, a sample of 384 teachers, and 8 TPD coordinators was adequate for the study. However, to increase the statistical power of the study, the researcher used a sample of 404 respondents. Simple random sampling was used to identify one institution accredited to offer TPD. Each accredited institution enrolled teachers across Kenya. Exponential non-discriminative snowball sampling was used to select teacher respondents. TPD coordinators were selected by purposive sampling. Cluster sampling was used to ensure all the regions were included in the study. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using questionnaires and interviews respectively. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics by way of frequencies, mean and standard deviations as well as inferential statistics including Pearson correlation and simple linear regression. The findings showed a significant positive effect of stakeholder collaboration on implementation of TPD. Effects of stakeholder collaboration explained a significant proportion of variation in implementation of TPD with, (t=2.536, B =.285, p<.0001). The study concluded that an increase in stakeholder collaboration positively influenced implementation of TPD. It recommended establishment of an institution mandated to conduct TPD-related activities in Kenya and work in collaboration with relevant education sector stakeholders in order to effectively implement TPD.Item Demographic Factors affecting Dual Contraception Preference among Seropositive Women in Discordant Relationships in Nyatike Sub-County, Kenya(Journal of the Kenya National Commission for UNESCO, 2024-06-12) Ouma, Mark Okungu Kadenyo; Ong’anyi, Paul ObinoDual contraception is an effective strategy of achieving zero HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancy among discordant couples. Despite the double benefit, dual contraception use is still limited among seropositive women particularly in Nyatike Sub County, Kenya. Further, no research had been done on dual contraception preference or use among discordant couples in Nyatike Sub County. To fill this gap, this study aimed to establish the relationship between socio-demographic factors including age, parity, level of education, monthly income and dual contraception preference among seropositive women in discordant marital relationships in Nyatike Sub- County of Migori County, Kenya. This was a facility-based cross-sectional study in fourteen health facilities in Nyatike Sub- County. It involved 188 randomly sampled seropositive women in discordant marital relationships, 14 seronegative men randomly sampled and 14 healthcare providers. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The study revealed that Parity (p=.001), level of education (p=.003) and monthly income (p=.026) were statistically significantly associated with dual contraception preference while age (p=.051) was not. The study recommends sensitization of seropositive women on the benefits of dual contraception to increase uptake of dual contraception.Item Knowledge and Practice of Responsible Research Ethics among Doctoral Students and Alumni: A Case Study of Kibabii University, Kenya(IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 2022-10-12) Ong’anyi, Paul Obino; Owoche, Patrick Oduor; Abuya, Joshua Olang’oAdherence to principles of responsible conduct in research is at the heart of doctoral supervision, and lack of it severely affects the quality and credibility of such study outcomes. Very few studies have investigated the level of knowledge and practice of responsible research ethics in institutions of higher learning in Kenya, a gap this study sought to address. The objective of this study was to investigate the knowledge and practice of responsible research ethics among doctoral students and Alumni at Kibabii University, Kenya. To realize its objective, the study conducted a cross sectional survey using a structured questionnaire to gather relevant information from 25 doctoral students and Alumni of the University. Data obtained was analyzed descriptively. Results indicate 48% of respondents were not knowledgeable about University’s Research Ethics Committee. The majority (54.2%) of the respondents lacked prior training in responsible conduct in research. The study recommends the need for the University to regularly sensitize doctoral students on the existence and roles of the various established institutions in the research process. Training for doctoral students in all areas of responsible conduct in research is critically necessary.Item Doctoral Virtual Supervisory Meeting: Engagement Optimization Strategies(American Journal of Education and Information Technology, 2022-11-16) Owoche, Patrick Oduor; Abuya, Joshua Olang’o; Ong’anyi, Paul ObinoThe emergence of COVID-19 has seen widespread adoption and use of virtual interaction in business, academic, and other areas where hitherto their use was not imaginable just a few years ago. The adoption of virtual interactions has also seen growth in a number of service providers as well as enhancement of the quality of interactions. However, this advancement in virtual technologies does not guarantee their optimal use. This qualitative study’s main purpose was to explore discursive practices that impact virtual meeting experiences as they take place during the course of the doctoral supervisory process in Kenyan universities. The study used media richness theory and channel expansion theory to analyze the affordances of computer-mediated communication presented to the user to conduct virtual meetings. Drawing upon survey and interview transcripts, it was found that the choice of virtual meeting channel was based on the availability of technology and past experience enhanced the perception of the effectiveness of virtual meetings. This study proposes strategies for enhancing the virtual supervisory process based on the media richness theory, channel expansion theory, and research data. The strategy addresses the aspects of management of risks, virtual meeting etiquettes, supervisory relationship, and confidentiality as well as after the meeting follow-up. The proposed strategies will enhance academic interaction and can be used in similar interactions in other fields.Item Analysis of the Determinants of Contraceptive Preference and Use among PLWAs in Nyamarambe Division in Kisii County, Kenya(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2026-05-29) Ong’anyi, Paul Obino; Omollo, C.Available data indicates that a vast majority of Persons Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) are in the reproductive age and therefore presumably sexually active. Being sexually active, PLHWAs, like everyone else, have a right to their sexual and reproductive rights, as enshrined in various international and national legal instruments. One of the interventions designed to enhance enjoyment of sexual and reproductive rights is the use of contraceptives. The main objective of this research was to investigate determinants of contraceptive preference and use among people living with HIV and AIDS in Nyamarambe sub-County in Kisii County, Kenya. This study used a mixed method approach, in which both qualitative and quantitative data were gathered. The targeted population in this study were all individuals of reproductive age 15 - 49 years, who were PLWHAs and attending antiretroviral clinic in the three selected health facilities. A sample of 107 PLWHAs respondents was used, on who questionnaires were administered. In addition to PLHWAs, the study also interviewed nine (9) key informants who included two (2) counselors and one (1) the medical officer in each of the three study sites. The size of the sample for this study was 107 PLWHAs. Descriptive Statistics was used to analyse quantitative data while qualitative data was analysed thematically, and presented in narrative form. The study established that most of the respondents (93.0%) reported they know about family planning. The most preferred family planning method was Implants (29.5%) followed by IUCD (19.3%), then Condoms (18.2%) among others mainly due to ease of accessibility and use. While use of any contraceptive method was high at about 88.6%, contraceptive method use varied widely, the mismatch between preference and actual use points to an interesting gap that needs consideration. The study recommends that the ministry of health of the national and county governments should encourage usage and make accessible double-edged such as condoms as this would give double care in case of unwanted pregnancies and further spread of the virus and other STDIs.Item How Health and Safety Training Affects Service Delivery Among Staff in the Ministry of Health in Busia County, Kenya(IAR Journal of Business Management, 2023-08-22) Nasimiyu, Nancy Nafula; Wanyama, Kadian Wanyonyi; Ong’anyi, Paul ObinoEmployee safety and health programmes occupy a pivotal position in Human Resource Management. Improving employee productivity and occupational health and safety (OHS) therefore, have been an important field of interest to industry especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study therefore was to analyze effect of health and safety training on service delivery. This study adopted explanatory research design. The target population consisted of 13 Administration staff, two (2) County Health Chief Officers (CO), three (3) Directors of Health, two (2) County Health Human Resource Managers, 13 Nursing Officers, 13 Health Administrators, 582 nurses, 12 Clinical Officers and 14 Health Records Information Officers. A sample of 284 employees was derived. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data and a pilot study conducted to pre-test questionnaires for validity and reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed as the main data analysis methods using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS Version 20). The findings of the study were presented using tables and figures. Findings of the study showed that health and safety training had a statistically significant positive relationship with the service delivery in Busia County. The conclusions of the study were: health and safety training should be very efficient and practiced in Busia County to improve service delivery. Safety inspection should be carried out on regular basis by the line managers and supervisors with the advice and help of safety and health advisers. Routine inspection for all premises for possible safety and health problems, using checklist as aids should be enhanced. Therefore, the following were recommendations of the study: The County Government of Busia County should seriously consider and implement effectively health and safety training. Workplace safety should be considered by the County Government as an important operational priority in addition to cost, quality, flexibility, delivery, and innovation to save lives and improve service delivery. The study would help the County government and other employers who had the legal responsibilities to provide safe workplaces and systems of work, adopt occupational health safety management system.Item Contextualizing High Teenage Pregnancies and Its Effects on Education in Mt. Elgon Area, Kenya(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2023-06-12) Ong’anyi, Paul Obino; Ngala, O. ConsolataThe obstacles to the developmental milestones of young girls in Mount Elgon Sub-County can be seen from the rate at which the girls are dropping out of school due to early pregnancies, early marriages, sexually transmitted diseases, and the stigma associated with them. This study sought to understand the status of, causes, and effects of teenage pregnancy on education in the Mt. Elgon area, Kenya. This was an exploratory qualitative study based on snow bawling and a sample saturation approach. It involved in-depth interviews among twelve (12) affected households including interviews with eight (8) teenage mothers, three (3) teachers, two (2) school principals, and nine (9) local community gatekeepers/leaders. Findings indicate that teenage pregnancy is a rampant and common problem in Mt. Elgon. However, it is more acute in areas that bore the brunt of ethnic conflicts in the region. Teenage pregnancy and early marriages are partly responsible for the low enrolment of girls in schools across Mt. Elgon. According to the respondents, it all started in 1992 with the tribal clashes and subsequent cyclic conflicts with the most notable being the 2006/8 conflict in Mt. Elgon. The conflicts disintegrated and dislocated many families, a factor that compromised the ability of many households to get means of subsistence. After the conflict, the Government responded by constructing settlements for the returnees whose sizes turned out to be very small and non-conducive dwelling units for parents and their adolescent children. Several parents are forced to send their adolescent children to spend the night at neighbours, a factor that exposes such young girls to sexual abuse and early pregnancies. Teenage pregnancy has greatly affected girl child education as those pregnant are often married off early by their parents. The study recommends that efforts be made to address the impacts of the conflicts in Mt. Elgon. Poor parents should be supported by the government to build simple but spacious houses to provide ample sleeping space for their children. Advocacy campaigns promoting the education of girls should be launched. Rescue centres should be established to support teenage mothers in with technical skills and those willing to continue with their formal education are supported to do so.Item Trigger Factors behind Recurring Conflict in Mt. Elgon Area Between1945-2008(IRE Journals, 2024-07-12) Wanyonyi, Lubisia Edwin; Okoth, Pontian Godfrey; Kirui, Peter; Ong’anyi, Paul ObinoThis study investigates the trigger factors behind the recurring conflict in Mt. Elgon area, Kenya between 1945 and 2008. Mt. Elgon area has experienced persistent inter-ethnic and intra-ethnic conflicts that have affected the social, economic and political aspects of the community. The study aims to identify and analyze the key factors that have consistently contributed to the resurgence of conflict in the area during the specified period. The research adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing a combination of in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and archival research. Purposive sampling was employed to select participants, including community elders, local leaders, and representatives from relevant government agencies and non-governmental organizations. Thematic analysis was used to examine the collected data and identify emerging patterns and themes. The findings reveal that historical land injustices, politicization of ethnicity, cattle rustling, proliferation of small arms and light weapons, poverty and marginalization, and weakened traditional conflict resolution mechanisms are the primary triggers of recurring conflict in Mt. Elgon area. The study concludes that addressing these underlying issues through inclusive land reforms, socio-economic empowerment, ethnic cohesion, and strengthening of local peace-building institutions is crucial for sustainable peace and development in the region. The research contributes to the understanding of persistent conflict drivers in Mt. Elgon and offers insights for policy and practice in conflict prevention and resolution.Item Exploring the Challenges and Opportunities of Fish Farming for Improved Livelihoods of Local Communities in Ikolomani Sub- County, Kenya(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2025-04-12) Ong’anyi, Paul ObinoFish farming has gained significant attention in Asia and Africa as a sustainable solution to meet the rising demand for fish while improving livelihoods and reducing poverty in rural communities. In Kenya, Vision 2030 aims to transform the country into a newly industrialized, middle-income nation by improving the quality of life for all citizens. As part of this initiative, food security has been prioritized under the socio-economic development pillar. Similarly, the County Government of Kakamega has incorporated aquaculture into its development plans, and made significant investments in the sub-sector to support rural livelihoods. However, despite these efforts, fish production in Kakamega County remains low. This study explores the impact of production costs on fish farming, the role of market conditions in fish production, and local attitudes toward fish consumption in Ikolomani Constituency, Kenya. A descriptive study design was used, targeting approximately 300 fish farmers in the constituency. A total of 60 fish farmers and 12 key informants were randomly and purposively sampled respectively. Data was collected through questionnaires and in-depth interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis respectively. Findings indicate that the high cost of fish feed and fingerlings is the most significant barrier to fish farming in the constituency. Additionally, rural fish consumption remains low due to deep-rooted traditional attitudes. However, increased interest from the county government and a growing demand for fish—particularly in urban areas—present promising investment opportunities in the sector. The study recommends that the County Government of Kakamega continues raising awareness about the benefits of fish farming for food security and household income. Furthermore, addressing the high production costs, particularly the expensive fish feed and limited availability of fingerlings, will be crucial in encouraging more farmers to adopt fish farming as a sustainable livelihood option.Item Future of Teacher Professional Development in Kenya: Strategic Leadership Approach(European Journal of Education Studies, 2023-06-12) Wafula, Samuel Mabele; Likoko, Sarah Naliaka; Ong’anyi, Paul ObinoThe purpose of this study was to examine the place of strategic leadership in the implementation of teacher professional development (TPD). The study was done through a literature review of two kinds: policy documents and published studies. Published studies were identified using Dimensions and Google search engines and through pearl growing. The search queries targeted studies published between 2013 and 2022 whose titles, abstracts, or keywords contained terms related to teachers’ professional development, strategic implementation and strategic leadership in fields of education, business and management. Studies which lacked these terms were deemed irrelevant and excluded. The findings were based on the review, analysis and synthesis of 33 relevant studies. Consensus across multiple studies was that strategic leadership influences strategy implementation which informed the recommendation of strategic leadership in TPD implementation. Threats to TPD implementation such as potential resistance by teachers, misalignment of goals, cost implications and lack of a clear organization structure were established and areas of further research were recommended.Item The Effect of Parental Economic Status on Students' Academic Performance in Public Day Secondary Schools in Busia County, Kenya(IRE Journals, 2025-06-12) Imo, Imunyo Eric; Kipkenei, Simon; Obino, Paul Ong'anyiThis study examined the effect of parental economic status on students' academic performance in public day secondary schools in Busia County, Kenya. A cross-sectional survey design involved 355 Form 4 students from 9 randomly selected schools. Data was analyzed using correlation and regression analysis with SPSS version 25. The study revealed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.703, p < 0.001) between parental economic status and academic performance. Regression analysis showed that economic status explained 83.1% of variance in academic performance (R² = 0.831). Key findings: 75.2% of households earned below KSh 10,000 monthly, 67% of household heads had primary education or less, and the standardized coefficient (β = 0.754) indicated strong economic influence on academic outcomes. Parental economic status significantly influences academic performance. Targeted interventions addressing economic disadvantage could substantially improve educational outcomes.Item Socio-cultural factors affecting academic performance in Busia County, Kenya(International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 2024-12-06) Imo, Imunyo Eric; Kipkenei, Simon; Ong'anyi, Paul Obino; Khaemba, Protas FwambaParental characteristics play an important role in students’ academic performance. These factors are usually measured by education, employment-status and the income of an individual to determine an individual’s livelihood. The study objective was to establish parental socio-cultural practices that influence students’ academic performance in Public Day Secondary schools in Teso North Sub- County. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Teso North Sub-County, Busia County, Kenya. Both primary and secondary data was collected. The tools for primary data included questionnaire, interview schedules and Focus Group Discussions while secondary data was collected using document analysis guide. The target population was 4,238 who included students, parent representatives, principals, form four class teachers and Sub-County director of education; with a sample size of 351. Purposive, proportionate and simple random sampling techniques were employed. Validity was checked through consultation with experts and reliability coefficient of 0.788 was established. Piloting was done in the neighboring Teso South Sub-County because it possessed similar characteristics as Teso North Sub- County. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze data using SPSS version 25 and presented in tables, charts and graphs. The study identified initiation rites, property rights, wife inheritance and polygamy as having negative influence on academic performance. These socio-cultural practices contributed to about 82.5% of student achievements in Busia County. The study recommends stake holders in education to create awareness to parents on the negative effects of socio-cultural practices that affect academic performance and find interventions to reverse the declining trends in students’ performance in National Examinations.Item Doctoral Liminality and Responsible Conduct Practices in Doctoral Research(American Journal of Education and Information Technology, 2022-10-31) Abuya, Joshua Olang’o; Obino Paul Ong'anyi; Owoche, Patrick OduorThe complexities of doctoral experiences in many postgraduate schools have become insurmountable. Many doctoral students are facing numerous challenges in crossing the concept thresholds along the path towards achieving doctorate degree. With the experience of doctoral studies compared to rite of passage, many doctoral students face periods of confusion and disorientation hence the liminal period in pursuit of doctoral degree. Many doctoral students may find themselves engrained in ethical doctoral research challenges, issues, and dilemmas on a regular basis This paper looks at how doctoral liminality influences responsible conduct practices in doctoral research at Kibabii University, Kenya. The research engaged 13 doctoral candidates and 7 faculty members to evaluate the influence of doctoral liminality on responsible conduct practices in doctoral research. Data collection tools were validated at a content validity index of 0.83 while reliability index was 0.896. Descriptive (mean, frequency percentage and standard deviation) and inferential (in particular, regression) analyses were used. Findings indicate that doctoral liminality has statistically significant influence on responsible conduct practices in doctoral research. This should help higher education stakeholders to reassess the existing ethical research policies and execution frameworks. University managements are advised to pursue exemptional awareness and scrutiny on implementation of ethical practice in doctoral studies.Item Dual Contraception Prevalence among Seropositive Women in Discordant Marital Relationships in Nyatike Sub-County, Kenya(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2019-06-11) Ouma, Mark Okungu Kadenyo; Ong’anyi, Paul Obino; Otieno, Alfred AgwandaHIV-discordant couples are faced with dual problem of preventing unwanted pregnancy and HIV transmission to uninfected partner. Dual contraception involving consistent use of condoms to prevent STIs/HIV infection and another more effective modern contraceptive for pregnancy prevention has been recommended to offer dual protection for discordant couples. However a large proportion of new HIV infections and unwanted pregnancies in Sub-saharan Africa still occur in stable HIV-discordant partnerships and Nyatike Sub-county in Migori County, Kenya is no exception. The objectives of this study were to find out the prevalence of dual contraception, and to find out the most common form of dual contraception among seropositive women in discordant marital relationships in Nyatike Subcounty in Migori County, Kenya. A cross-sectional survey design was employed. Fourteen health facilities were purposively sampled within Nyatike Sub-county. A total of 174 randomly sampled seropositive women in discordant marital relationships were subjected to interviewer administered semi-structured questionnaire. Two focused group discussions (FGDs) involving fourteen seropositive women randomly sampled were conducted. Additionally, the study involved 28 in-depth interviews with fourteen randomly sampled seronegative men in discordant relationships and fourteen purposively sampled healthcare providers (key informants). Quantitative data was analyzed using frequencies and percentages while Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Tables were used to present research results. The study revealed low dual contraception prevalence 29.3%. Condom plus injections was the most used form of dual contraception to offer dual protection at 24.1%. Partner refusal, perceived and real side effects, religious beliefs and desire for biological child were the main barriers to dual contraception use. The study recommends formulation of HIV integrated FP programs that intensify efforts in improving knowledge of dual contraception use among seropositive women and its critical health benefits, coupled with encouraging constructive male partner communication and engagement in order to increase dual contraception uptake.Item Fishing Students into Safety Nets: A Case of Work Study Programme at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya(International Journal of Current Research, 2015-03-31) Ngala, C. O; Ong’anyi, Paul ObinoWork study programme has been put in place by many institutions of higher learning to help needy students cope with daily financial needs. However, very little information exists about its effectiveness as an intervention Programme. This study sought to determine its efficacy at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. Descriptive research design was used. Purposive and Simple random sampling was employed to select a sample of 70 students on the programme, and 8 departmental heads. Data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed descriptively. Though 60% of the respondents reportedly met their personal needs from work study programme, a series of challenges including its limited opportunities, low pay rates, delay in pay processing and stigma. Policy makers at the university should increase slots to accommodate more needy students and increase pay rates commensurate to the local standards of living.Item Demographic Factors affecting Dual Contraception Preference among Seropositive Women in Discordant Relationships in Nyatike Sub-County, Kenya(Journal of the Kenya National Commission for UNESCO, 2024-06-11) Ouma, Mark O. K.; Ong’anyi, Paul ObinoDual contraception is an effective strategy of achieving zero HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancy among discordant couples. Despite the double benefit, dual contraception use is still limited among seropositive women particularly in Nyatike Sub County, Kenya. Further, no research had been done on dual contraception preference or use among discordant couples in Nyatike Sub County. To fill this gap, this study aimed to establish the relationship between socio-demographic factors including age, parity, level of education, monthly income and dual contraception preference among seropositive women in discordant marital relationships in Nyatike Sub- County of Migori County, Kenya. This was a facility-based cross-sectional study in fourteen health facilities in Nyatike Sub- County. It involved 188 randomly sampled seropositive women in discordant marital relationships, 14 seronegative men randomly sampled and 14 healthcare providers. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The study revealed that Parity (p=.001), level of education (p=.003) and monthly income (p=.026) were statistically significantly associated with dual contraception preference while age (p=.051) was not. The study recommends sensitization of seropositive women on the benefits of dual contraception to increase uptake of dual contraception.Item Spatio-Temporal Contexts of Orphan Migration in Kisumu District, Kenya(Australian Journal of Social Science Research, 2020-06-11) Ong’anyi, Paul Obino; Ayiemba, Elias; Ngala, ConsolataMigration by orphaned children, one of their adaptation strategies in response to the AIDS crisis, has become an integral part of their daily lives. However, despite their engagement in multiple and independent migrations, there is paucity of information about the spatial and temporal re-location of AIDS orphans in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, the implication of spatial dispersal of care– providing extended families in the movement of these children is seldom recognized. The purpose of this study is to examine the spatio-temporal variations in levels and trends of orphan migration into Kisumu District. The purpose of this study is to examine the spatio-temporal variations in levels and trends of orphan migration into Kisumu District. It also seeks to find out the factors in orphan migration in the study area. The study, borrowing heavily from the adult migration and the multiple independent migrations of AIDS orphans theoretical perspectives, uses descriptive study design to guide its execution. Quantitative methods by means of the 2009 and 1999 census data on orphan migration are used to gather information on orphans, their distribution and movement levels and trends in Kisumu District. The study found that geographical disparity of orphans could be explained partly by orphan migration in Kisumu District. Approximately 27 and 29 percent of all orphans enumerated in the district in 1999 and 2009 respectively had migrated to the District from elsewhere. The distribution of orphan migrants was, however, spatially disproportionate in favour of urban centres in the district. Lack of economic and psycho-social support to households that care for orphans were the main cause of orphan mobility. The study recommends that in the short run, the governmental and nongovernmental agencies should offer material and technical support to existing orphan care institutions to better care for the orphans. This will help curb high orphan mobility. On the long-term, high structural poverty levels in the region needs to be addressed to enable the community cope better in the management of orphans.Item Access and Use of Seasonal Climate Forecasts Information on Maize Crop Production in Vihiga County, Kenya(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2019-03-11) Ambubi, Andrew Josephert; Cholo, Wilberforce; Mulinya, Caroline; Ong’anyi, Paul ObinoCounty has been faced by drastic reduction of maize crop yields in recent years making the realization of food security unattainable. The county live in absolute poverty, and therefore food insecure. The purpose of this study was to exploit the extent of access and use of seasonal climate forecast information by small-scale maize farmers on maize crop production in Vihiga County. The scope of the study mainly focused on evaluating the influence ofaccess and use of seasonal climate forecast information as the most adaptive strategy on maize crop production. This study was conducted through descriptive survey research design. This study targeted a population of 3,234 households of small-scale farmers with > 1 to 4 acres of land. The sample size of 153 households was used in the study. A systematic sampling technique was employed by purposeful selection of three constituencies of Hamisi, Vihiga and Luanda. Secondly, by purposeful selection of three wards of Muhudu, Mungoma and Luanda South that cut across agricultural zones in the county. Finally developing a sample frame of 3,234 households. Meteorologists and crop officers were purposefully sampled based on their availability. Primary data on the access and use of SCF information on maize crop production were collected by use of pre-tested Questionnaires. The secondary data was collected by use of Key Informant Interview Schedule for meteorologist and crop officers for the period 2004-2014 on rainfall, temperature, and maize crop production. Data was analysed both in descriptive and inferential using Microsoft software’s. Descriptive analysis was used to assess the extent of access and use of SCF on maize crop production. Correlation analysis was used to establish the relationship between access and use of SCF and maize crop production in Vihiga County. The information obtained provided a feedback on the extent to which farmers are responding to seasonal climate forecasts information and provided a framework for improving maize crop production in Vihiga County. The study showed that there is a decline in maize crop production in Vihiga County and yet farmers accesses and uses SCF information. Where by the number of bags per acre dropped from 21.5 bags to 15.2 bags between (2004-2014). The study found that there is no significant relationship between access, use (r=0.018588, p=0.098141). The study concludes that further research need to be conducted in the area to find out the main cause of decline in maize production in Vihiga County. The study however recommends the County government and the NGO’s in Vihiga County to come up with interventions strategies that may help small-scale farmers to increase maize crop production.