Conferences

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://erepository.kibu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/93

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Premium Sweet Potato Pumpkin Flour
(KIBU, 2019-06-13) Kennedy, Kelvin
Food insecurity still remains a global threat due to rapid population growth in the 21st century, whereby world census is predicted to rise up to 100 billion by the year 2050. This means further efforts should be put in place to ensure enough food for this “WANTING” population. Therefore, my research aims to eradicate malnutrition and post-harvest losses especially in developing countries through food preservation, culture and safety hence making it easier to handle and transport, palatable, digestible and long shelf life to make it available and affordable even during food scarce periods. Sweet potatoes and pumpkins are locally available and adaptable to a wide range of ecological conditions. Since sweet potatoes and pumpkins are perishable crops, this research aims to preserve them and making them available and affordable even during their off seasons and food scarce periods. When they reach maturity they are harvested, washed thoroughly, peeled, chopped into small pieces, dried and grinded to make fine flour which is then packed ready for consumption for cake or porridge making. The flour is durable as compared to its raw materials, easy to handle and transport from one region to another, easily digestible, palatable and it supplies all the necessary nutrients for normal body growth and development such as starch, proteins, minerals and vitamins. This research project is environmental friendly, uses the locally available food materials which are naturally preserved to obtain the real taste and nutrition hence achieving food security which is among our big four national agenda alongside education, proper housing and universal health care as we focus on VISION 2030 when our country will be industrialized.
Conservation and Use of African Indigenous Vegetables for Food Security: Case Study of Tuuti Marakaru Ward Bungoma Western Kenya
(KIBU, 2019-06-13) Toroitich, Jane; Wanambisi, Margaret
Bungoma County is endowed with agro climatic conditions suitable for the cultivation of a wide range of African indigenous vegetables. The value of traditional vegetables in food security has not been given sufficient attention in the county. During dry season indigenous vegetables are very expensive and unavailable hence an alternative way of enhancing its availability is through conservation. Consequently, there are no formal interventions that seek to encourage people to use traditional vegetables as sources of essential nutrients. This paper gives results on use and conservation of indigenous vegetables by households obtained from a cross sectional surveys carried out in Kanduyi Division, Tuuti Marakaru ward, western Kenya. Conservation was measured by; availability of IV at local market stalls during dry and rainy seasons in the markets and household gardens, use was measured using Likert scale questionnaire. 186 local market stalls were purposively sampled and 80 households drawn from the population. Data was collected during the two seasons December to March and March to May, 2019using market questionnaires and summarized using tables and charts. Of the 186 market stalls only 11.8% and 1.1% of them had indigenous vegetables (9 varieties) during the two seasons respectively. Indigenous vegetables were only cultivated by 5.9% and 0.8% of the households for the two seasons respectively; these included only six varieties and cowpea leaves (Vignaunguilata) were the most popular. Consumption of up to 9 varieties of indigenous vegetables was observed, with cow peas, jute mallow and amaranths reporting more than 50% consumption when the IV were plenty during the month of March to May and reporting less than 10% during the month of December to March. This paper recommends creation of awareness by educating the caregiver’s mothers and smallholder farmers on use and Conservation of Indigenous Vegetable on food security, nutrition and health.
The Wildlife Resource as an Enabler in Ensuring Food Security in Kenya
(KIBU, 2019-06-13) Kassilly, Fredrick
Wildlife is Kenya’s foremost natural resource. Its values to the country are varied and include both material and non-material attributes. Whereas potential for consumptive use of the wildlife resource as a source of food exists, and whereas established advantages of wildlife over domestic animals as a meat source for Kenyans are known, exploitation of wildlife for meat remains largely a virgin aspect of its management in the country. The Government’s pronouncement of ensuring national food security as one of its “Big Four” agenda calls for deliberate efforts to consider potential sources of human nutrition including wildlife. Granted that Kenya’s wildlife is a common property resource, there is need to provoke all stake holders into a national conversation over this matter. This paper examines the potential of wildlife as a source of meat for human consumption in Kenya and discusses the legal, operational and societal considerations of this form of wildlife utilization in the country. Further, it is a methodological contribution to applied wildlife management in Kenya by interrogating the relevance and applicability of the conventional Wildlife Attitudes and Values Scale (WAVS) as an empirical tool and conceptual aid in wildlife management research in the country.
Swarming Inducement of Pseudocantotermesgrandicepsalates in Response to Food Security in Kenya
(KIBU, 2019-06-13) Makila, Jacob; Kalama, Patrick
The termite alates of Pseudocanthotermes grandiceps are eaten as a substitute dietary element in Kenya. Artificial inducement of the alates was evaluated based on a traditional method that has been used for decades. The idea is to imitate the natural weather conditions required by swarming alates. In natural situations, the most conducive weather is when rain is accompanied by thunderstorms and then stops for at least 2days with intervals of clear and sunny skies. Such weather conditions stimulate the emergence of alates during day time. In artificial situation, producing the sound of rain by rhythmic beating of sticks at the termite mound to strengthen the impression of rain early in the morning before the actual harvesting in the afternoon was found to work with Pseudocanthotermes species. This was done by manipulating weather conditions and puffing of smoke in the emergence holes just before emergence of alates. The alates of P. grandiceps responded to external changes and were harvested. The following conditions were found necessary in stimulating nest activities and emergence of alates: a) hot and dry weather for a week prior to artificial inducement; b) sunny and hot afternoon at time of swarming.; c) laying a long rod on the ground at the termite mound and knocking it with smaller rods to produce a rhythmic sound 6am in the morning for thirty minutes. The time taken from the onset of the experiment to the end of swarming was approximately 8 hours. The artificial inducement of alates was found to be effective, seasonal and limited only to the genus Pseudocanthotermes.
Impact of Violent Conflict on Food Security in Mt. Elgon Sub-County
(KIBU, 2019-06-13) Wapukha, Precious; Muchanga, Kizito
The study is about the relationship between food security and violent conflict; it is evident that whenever there is conflict the social economic and political fields are affected. The study sought to find out the vicious link between food security and conflict, with particular emphasis on the Mt. Elgon sub county, the Effects of conflict on food security in Mt. Elgon sub-county, the role of food on security interventions in mitigating the risk of conflicts. The relationships between food security and violent conflicts are conditioned, mediated and influenced by the specific context in which they take place. In the case of Mt. Elgon, the main mechanism whereby the armed conflict has had a negative effect on food security is the mass forced displacement generated by the dispute over natural resources. Unlike other conflicts, in the case of Mt. Elgon there is a direct relationship between ethnic conflict and the escalation and deepening of hostilities, on the one hand, and forced displacement and food insecurity, on the other. The armed conflict has historically hinged upon control of territory and its use as a means of accumulation of wealth and social and political control. Conflict theory of change which stipulates that conflict drives social changes. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative research design. Stratified sampling technique was employed. As in the majority of violent conflicts, the Mt. Elgon conflict has affected food security through its destructive and disruptive effects on production, distribution and marketing of food. However, unlike other experiences, this damage has not had a significant impact on food security nationwide but instead has been felt at the local and regional level. Damage to production was caused mainly by the strategies used to occupy and control rural areas rather than physical destruction caused by conflict and violence. This analysis shows that the effects of conflict on food security extend beyond the short term. Taking into account the high priority given to food security the Peace Accords, we suggest that food security policies and measures should be framed within the general context of implementing the Comprehensive Rural Reform involved in the Peace Accords, which must, in turn, be in line with the national development strategy implemented from the centre.
Flood Frequency Analysis towards Food Security in Upper Njoro River Catchment, Kenya
(KIBU, 2019-06-13) Amisi, Leah; Kundu, Peter; Wambua, Raphael
Upper Njoro River catchment (UNRiC) falls within the Eastern Mau forest situated along the western escarpment of the Rift Valley. It serves as the head water for Njoro River which is the major river draining its water in Lake Nakuru. The main economic activity within the area is farming and the main crops grown include maize and potatoes which are among main crops in the flagship projects of the big four Agendas to enhance food security and nutrition. The area receives a trimodal pattern of rainfall having peaks in April, August and November with. Heavy downpour usually comes after the dry and hot months of January February and March. The heavy rainfall lead to unexpected floods which results to food security of people. To enhance the realization of the agenda for food security, farmers need to produce throughout the year. The high runoff rates that are being experienced within the area can be harnessed to be used for agricultural production. There was therefore need for the knowledge on the characteristics of extreme surface flows within the catchment in terms of magnitude, frequency and duration for design of water storage structures and also to anticipate flood occurrence. The objective of the study was to characterize annual peak discharges for Njoro River based on probability distribution functions within the Easy fit software. The key findings from the study included the best fitting probability distribution model being Generalized Pareto. Peak flow discharges estimated for 50, 100 and 200 year return periods using the best fitting model included 8.1 m3/s, 10.1 m3/s and 12.3 m3/s respectively. The study recommends the use of Generalized Pareto probability distribution function in the anticipation of extreme flows and in design of water storage structures for use in agricultural production hence improved food security and nutrition.
Enhancing Food and Nutrition Security through Oyster Mushroom Cultivation and Value Addition
(KIBU, 2019-06-13) Sigot, Asenath
Edible mushrooms are an ancient food consumed widely in Asia, Europe, Africa and America due to its beneficial effects on human health. Oyster mushrooms traditionally collected from the forests and now domesticated and cultivated in mushroom houses have become the emerging products of the agricultural sector. More small scale farmers in Kenya are now engaged in the cultivation, processing and marketing of oyster mushrooms using clean agricultural residues and waste. It is grown for their nutritional values and medicinal attributes and, as well as a source of income. Mushrooms are fast yielding compared to other crops, it is cost effective and involves minimal input. In addition, mushrooms are economically viable as they require relatively small space for cultivation and are adaptable to climate change, ideal for regions with scarce land. This paper describes the growth of oyster mushroom cultivation, its value addition, and its contribution to food and nutrition security. Small scale farmers were first trained on simple techniques in mushroom cultivation. After training, the farmers were assisted in obtaining the mushroom spawn for their initial cultivation. Since the oyster mushroom is highly perishable, the farmers were also trained to preserve oyster mushrooms by drying for value addition. Oyster mushroom is potentially very important in future food supplies and a new dimension of enhanced food security and sustainable agriculture. Institutions and professionals are encouraged to increase awareness of the nutritional values of mushrooms and to continue expanding conscious mushroom cultivation and consumption as an asset for food and nutrition security.
Effects of Nitrogen Levels on Growth and Yield of Spider Plant in Kenya
(KIBU, 2019-06-13) Mutoro, Kenneth; Mwajita, Mwashasha; Ndenga, Charles; Mabele, Irendale
The supply of spider plant (Cleome gynandra) as one of the African leafy vegetables in Kenya is low and this is attributed to poor fertilizer use and limited access by farmers to improved varieties. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different N forms on growth and yield of spider plant. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012 in Ruiru and Juja. Objectives were: to determine the plant growth and yield of spider plant cultivars under different nitrogen levels. 8 lines that were developed at the World Vegetable Centre, Arusha, were evaluated alongside the commercial variety (control). All experiments were undertaken for 2 seasons, where both variety and nitrogen factors were investigated under split plot design. Plants were harvested at 7-10-day intervals. Data was analyzed in SAS 9.1.3 software. Accessions were ranked from 1-9 in terms of performance. Results indicated that application of manure resulted in increased yield and other growth parameters compared to other nitrogen fertilizers (P≤0.05). Availability of improved and high yielding cultivars coupled with use of manure will increase supply of spider plant and, thus, enhance food security, a major pillar of the Big 4 Agenda of the Kenya government.
Effect of Calcium Chloride Foliar Feed on Fruit Quality of Tomato (Lycospersicumesculentum)
(KIBU, 2019-06-13) Wesonga, Florence
Calcium content in the fruit is related to the sugar content (brix) which is the mineral/sugar ratio of the plant cell protoplasm. Fruit firmness is an important post-harvest quality in fruit production and helps decide which fruit will be harvested, transported, stored, or marketed. An experiment was set up in Tsukuba International Training Center screen house 4 from 8th March to July 2013 with the objective to determine the effect of calcium chloride on firmness, yield and total soluble solids (TSS) andto examine the response of determinate and indeterminate tomato varieties to foliar application of calcium. A split plot experimental layout was used with varietyAnimo and Shuho) as main factor and calcium rates (0,1.5,3and 4.5 g /liter water) as sub plot replicated 3 times. Data collection started when the fruits were at maturity grade 7-8 (JA Bihoku tomato color chart). Determination of firmnesswas done at 4.5mm and 9mm (kg force) using a hand heldpenetrometer and total soluble solidsusing a refractometer. No significance difference was observed between the varieties for firmness (p= 12.7%). An increase in rate of calcium chloride had a positive impact on the firmness of fruits at 4.5mm. A positive correlation between calcium content and fruit firmness was observed as the force increased for the different tomato varieties. There was no consistent relationship between CaCl2 treatment and the TSS content of fruits. The yield was not consistent with the amount of calcium chloride rates applied. Demand for calcium is high in determinate tomato varieties than indeterminate varieties because they set their fruit within a short time.
Distribution and Occurrence Viruses infecting Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) in Western Kenya
(KIBU, 2019-06-13) Osogo, Aggrey; Were, Mariam; Muyekho, Francis; Were, Hassan
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) is the most widely grown pulse and a major food security crop in East Africa, including Kenya. It is the main source of protein and starch for over 300 million people in East Africa and Latin America. Despite the enormous importance of beans to East Africans, bean production in Kenya remains relatively low with an average yield of 585 Kg/ha compared to Ethiopia and Rwanda with yield of 1888 kg/ha and 913 kg/ha respectively. In Kenya including Western Kenya, bean productivity is declining due to several biotic and abiotic constraintsincluding several viral diseases.Management of these viral diseases requires information on types, distribution, incidence, occurrence and severity, which is currently limited.It has been reported that the most important viruses of common bean in Kenya are Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) though other viruses have been documented and known to exist. There is inadequate information about the occurrence and distribution of these viruses in Western Kenya which makes management of these diseases difficult. This study was therefore commissioned to document the different types of viruses infecting beans crop and determine their incidence and severity through a comprehensive disease diagnostic survey. Results showed that the average viral disease incidence per county was Nandi (42.8%), Kakamega (29.3%), Vihiga (12%) and Bungoma (9%). Additionally, viral disease severity Nandi (42.8%), Kakamega (29.3%), Vihiga (12%) and Bungoma (9%). The most dominant virus which occurred in all the counties surveyed was Bean Golden Mosaic Virus (BGMV) with disease incidence of 100%. Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV) was detected in leaf samples from Vihiga County. These results seem to indicate that BGMV could be upstaging BCMV and BCMNV in the region. The increased knowledge of common bean virus diseases in Western Kenya is expected to result into informeddevelopment of strategies for management of the diseases and thus increased production, which in turnhas implications on nutrition and income.
Cowpea Sequential Leaf Harvesting for Enhanced Food and Nutritional Security
(KIBU, 2019-06-13) Masinde, Anastacia; Omami, Elizabeth; Rop, Nicolas
Inadequate food and Micro-nutrient deficienciesare a big problem in Kenya, cowpea leaves are a cheap source mineral, protein and energy. Harvesting sequence is a yield determinant factor, however, the nutritive value of the harvested leaves varies with the stage at harvest. Six cowpea cultivars were tested against 4 harvesting sequences to assess the effect on cumulative leaf yield and nutritive value. Aiming at determining innovative harvesting sequence that increase leaf yield that are nutritious and sustainable. A 6 x 4 factorial arrangement laid in RCBD experiment was carried out at KALRO-Kitale (UM4) in Trans Nzoia County for two seasons. Six Cowpea cultivars K80, M66, KVU27-1, Tumaini, Makonge and local black cowpea were subjected to four harvesting sequences namely seven days, 14 days, 21 days’ interval and uprooting at onset of harvesting. Samples were collected for analysis from the seventh harvest after the where the 3 harvesting were tallying. Result showed significant difference on cumulative yield across both the cultivar and the harvesting sequences.KVU 27-1 at seven days’ interval gave highest cumulative yield (6.96 tons/ha), however Tumaini and Makonge gave their highest cumulative yield in the 14 days’ interval sequence. Proximate analysis results showed significant differences across harvesting sequences. K80 at 7 days and local black at 14 days’ interval had the highest crude protein content (30.81% &31.12% respectively). Ash minerals ranged from 3.01% - 3.95% at 7 days and 21 days’ interval respectively. Crude fiber was high at 7 days’ interval and low at 21 days’ interval for all the varieties, ranging from (16% - 11%). Dry matter content was high for sequence 21 days’ interval and low for 7 days’ interval. Therefore, the innovation of sequential harvesting promotion will enhance increased yields forfood security and micronutrients for improved health.
An alternative Sustainable Source of Protein for Humans and Animals
(KIBU, 2019-06-13) Nuwemuhwezi, Gershom
Entomophagy, the consumption of insects, is promoted as an alternative sustainable source of protein for humans and animals. Seminal literature highlights predominantly the benefits, but with limited empirical support and evaluation. We highlight the historical significance of entomophagy by humans and key opportunities and hurdles identified by research to date, paying particular attention to research gaps. It is known that insects present a nutritional opportunity, being generally high in protein and key micronutrients, but it is unclear how their nutritional quality is influenced by what they are fed. Research indicates that, in ideal conditions, insects have a smaller environmental impact than more traditional Western forms of animal protein; less known is how to scale up insect production while maintaining these environmental benefits. Studies overall show that insects could make valuable economic and nutritional contributions to the food or feed systems, but there are no clear regulations in place to bring insects into such supply systems. Future research needs to examine how the nutritional value of insects can be managed systematically, establish clear processing and storage methodology, define rearing practices and implement regulations with regard to food and feed safety. Each o f these aspects should be considered within the specifics of concrete supply and value chains, depending on whether insects are intended for food or for feed, to ensure insects are a sound economic, nutritional and sustainable protein alternative – not just a more expensive version of poultry for food, or soya for feed.
An analysis of socioeconomic factors affecting avocado production around Lake Victoria Basin of Kenya with special emphasis on flooding and its implications
(KIBU, 2019-06-13) Ouma, G; Odhiambo, G; Musyimi, D; Oyunge, D; Wagai, S
Climate change which is caused by global warming has become a very important aspect of agricultural production in the world. Some of the impacts of climate change are rising temperatures, droughts, flooding and intense winds. In sub-Saharan Africa these impacts have become increasingly devastating to Agriculture and food security situation as the impacts increase in magnitude and frequency. Avocado (Persia americana) is a very important world crop due to its nutritional and health importance. In Kenya it has become a very important crop but its production is limited by flooding among other factors. Studies were conducted in the Lake Victoria Basin Counties of Busia (Bunyala), Muhoroni, Nyando and Rachuonyo to investigate the socioeconomic factors and flooding on Avocado production. Questionnaires, focus group discussions, key informants’ interviews and desktop reviews were used to collect. Data collected were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists, outputs such as frequencies, percentages etc were interpreted and reported in this paper. The objectives were to find how flooding, human capital and other socioeconomic factors such as gender, age, farmer education affect Avocado production in the five sub- Counties of Rachuonyo, Nyando Muhoroni, Bunyala, and Samia. The results showed that human capital affected all decisions of Avocado production in input purchase, rootstock selection, establishment, harvesting and marketing. It is concluded that in flooded areas in these Counties, Avocado production is affected by root diseases (Phytophthora cinnamon). In all aspects human capital, farmer education, extension services contribute to farmer’s abilities to adopt new technologies for increased crop productivity.
Lifestyle ailments in prison: Application of the cell based health care model
(KIBU, 2019-06-12) Kola, Jesca
In prisons across the world, HIV epidemic presents a major challenge to prison communities. Imprisonment continues to rise due to key socio-economic parameters, internal shocks such as political bickering and external shocks which include high crude oil prices and global financial crisis which contributed heavily to increased crime in the country. Although globally HIV prevalence in prisoners is 3%, in Kenya and indeed in Kisumu prisons, it is 15 times higher than in the general adult population with women leading. This study explored challenges prison communities face in relation to HIV and tested the Cell Based Health Care Model in combating its spread.
Multi-agent based healthcare for the affordable and accessible health consultancy services-Kenya
(KIBU, 2019-06-12) Muyobo, Daniel; Etene, Yonah; Gichuki, Dennis
The health sector is an enormous environment characterized by its shared, distributed decisional aspect, its management of care, requiring a communication and a complex coordination of the various medical departments, medical staffand patients. The appropriate use of available information, knowledge and communication technologies can make a significant contribution towards achieving a sustainable health system and adoption of semantically interoperable health information systems. Healthcare sector in Kenya is faced with many problems such as inadequate medical expertise, poor infrastructure and coordination amongst the staff. Currently, the information systems in hospitals are not able to deal with the heterogeneous problems such as coordination, cooperation and communication between all actors and different services which are not adequately conducted. Incorporating Multi-agent Technologies and expert systems can provide better healthcare than the traditional medical system. Multi-agent systems will employ multiple agents to perform distinct tasks and operations in different capacities of a human agent. Their potential is to extract out meaningful relationship with a data set that can be used in diagnosis, treatment and predicting outcome in many clinical scenarios. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the requirements for Multi-agent based healthcare system for affordable and accessible health care consultancy services. This will focus on the representation of a guideline in form of expression, knowledge type, maintenance, local adaptation which will involve knowledge acquisition process directly from domain experts. The study will employ design science research. This will provide the specifications for the multi-agent based health care consultancy services that will be of benefit to the government, patients and other different stakeholder in provision of affordable and accessible health care service.
Health your greatest wealth: The role of alternative remedies
(KIBU, 2019-06-12) Kola, Jesca
The lifestyles human beings embrace result in 75% of diseases especially the cancers, HIV and its opportunistic infections which cause morbidity and mortality. Poor diet, lack of exercising and rest result in chronic tiredness and stress. To maintain the 73 trillion cells that make our body healthy can be elusive. This study purposed to explore alternative remedies that contribute healthiness resulting in wealth.
Healthcare challenges faced by street children on the street of Bungoma Town Bungoma County, Kenya
(KIBU, 2019-06-12) Omega, Kennedy
Street children globally face healthcare challenges amidst the eco for universal healthcare for all by the United Nation. In spite of the clarion call, the Kenyan government caters for children in public schools leaving the street children alone on the streets take care of themselves; The ‘forgotten’ children are seen on the street walking aimlessly wearing dirty/torn clothes and emaciated due to hunger, sniffing glue, limping due injuries sustained on the streets, scavenging for food among others. Indeed, the state of street children is really wanting, their rights to free education, free healthcare, food and shelter among other children rights as enshrined in many policy documents are undermined and cannot be overlooked. The study therefore, sought to establish healthcare challenges faced by street children in Bungoma County, to determine the pull and push factors forcing street children to migrate to Bungoma County towns, to establish problems faced by street children and to examine intervention measures on challenges faced by street children in Bungoma County. The study was anchored oh the notion that children leaving in the streets are human beings that should enjoy their rights as anyone else. The study used descriptive survey design which targeted street children, social workers, Ngo’s, churches, Mosques, children’s officers/Departments of children in Bungoma County. Data was collected using Questionnaire for street children, focused group discussion with social workers and key informant interviews were conducted with children county officers. Findings of the study show that street children in Bungoma County face many challenges: Health, emotional, social, economic, educational, environmental, political and technological challenges. Pull and push factors were; poverty, abandonment by parents and guardians, strict/hostile /abusive/high handedness parents/guardians, pure mischief and adventurous. In order for the street children to enjoy life like any other normal child, the following mitigating measures were to be addressed.
Open defecation practices in Lodwar, Kenya: A mixed-methods research
(KIBU, 2019-06-12) Busienei, P; Ogendi, G; Mokua, M
As of the year 2014, about 2.5 billion people globally lacked access to improved sanitation. The situation is even worse in the sub-Saharan African countries including Kenya. The practice of open defecation (OD) peaks beyond 72% of the population in Turkana County, Kenya, despite various interventions to end it.
Need for clinical pastoral care in the face of chronic ailments, universal health care perspective
(KIBU, 2019-06-13) Kimeli, Richard
When patients are confronted with chronic diseases, spirituality comes in to play an important role as a coping strategy. There are moments when Patients share that some spiritual and existential needs have not been met. Here religion helps into improving quality of life of the sick. Spiritual, existential and psychosocial support is critical in giving answers to end life questions. Spiritual needs may not always be associated with life satisfaction, but sometimes with anxiety, and can be interpreted as the patients’ longing for spiritual well-being. Some patients need peace in their effort to heal and therefore, health and social support are universal human needs. There are four elements of Spiritual needs, namely, Peace, relation, Transcendence and Meaning/Purpose. These four can be attributed to issues that relate to psychosocial, emotional, existential, and spiritual needs. There is need for a model that provides a basis for further research and pastoral -clinical practice. Clinical Pastoral Health care needs to addresses patients’ wholeness. Perhaps by making these reflections too; there may be several barriers in the health care set-up that makes it difficult to adequately address clients’ needs.
Implementation of bit torrent peer to peer systems for sharing resources for continuous medical education (CME): Case for the Mhealth4afrika project in Bungoma County
(KIBU, 2019-06-12) Sikobe, Newton; Micheni, Ellyjoy; Mbugua, Samwel; Kweyu, Emmanuel
The Ministry of Health in Bungoma County in collaboration with the mHealth4Afrika project has been implementing a mobile/web based patient centric primary health care support platform at 23 different facilities across the county. The key objective of the project includes building both the technical ICT capacity and professional competency of the health workers in different departments training and providing access the online resources for Continuous Medical Education (CME). These resources are multimedia content produced internally by the staff and externally by the mHealth4frika project.

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