Wafula, Nebert KituniKwach, Boniface OtienoMarani, Vincent Nyongesa2026-07-072026-07-072021-01-07Wafula, N. K., Kwach, B. O., & Marani, V. N. (2021). Mathematical Modelling and Optimal Controls for Controlling Pneumonia-HIV Co-Infection. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.24940/ijird/2021/v10/i1/JAN210512278 – 0211http://erepository.kibu.ac.ke/handle/123456789/11874Journal ArticleBacterial infections like Pneumonia have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals infected with HIV giving rise to their co-infection. There are mathematical models that describe; the co-dynamics, treatment and protection mechanisms of Pneumonia and HIV infections. Therefore, this research is aimed at determining optimal control treatments through developing a deterministic mathematical model Pneumonia-HIV coinfection incorporating the use of anti-pneumonia and ART treatment interventions as controls. The uncontrolled pneumonia-HIV co-infection is presented with its analysis. Finally, the optimal control theory for Pneumonia-HIV coinfection model is derived analytically by applying the Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle.enAntiretroviral therapyantiretroviralpontryagin’s maximum principlebasic reproduction numberArticle